[{"t":"Aciclovir and antivirals","d":"Aciclovir, valaciclovir and famciclovir — treating cold sores, genital herpes, and shingles on the NHS: doses, side effects, and when to start.","u":"/treatments/aciclovir-and-antivirals/","s":"Treatment","x":"aciclovir and antivirals Aciclovir is an antiviral medicine, and valaciclovir and famciclovir are related antivirals, used to treat herpes simplex (cold sores and genital herpes) and shingles by stopping the virus replicating. Cream can help early cold sores, while tablets treat genital herpes, shingles and frequent recurrences. Starting treatment early works best, and these medicines are generally safe and available on NHS prescription. Aciclovir cream treats cold sores at the tingling stage, while tablets treat more severe or internal herpes. Valaciclovir is converted into aciclovir in the body, giving better absorption and less frequent dosing. Shingles needs prompt oral antivirals soon after the rash appears to reduce pain and complications. Daily suppressive valaciclovir can reduce genital herpes recurrences and the risk of passing on the virus. Kidney impairment usually requires a lower dose, along with blood tests if kidney disease is ongoing. What is the difference between aciclovir and valaciclovir? How quickly should I start antivirals for a cold sore? What dose of valaciclovir is used for genital herpes? What are the side effects of aciclovir? Can I take aciclovir in pregnancy?"},{"t":"Acne","d":"A plain-English guide to acne — causes, treatments and when to see a GP or pharmacist.","u":"/conditions/acne/","s":"Condition","x":"acne Acne is a common skin condition that causes spots, oily skin and sometimes painful lumps, most often on the face, back and chest. It is most common in teenagers but can affect anyone. Many cases improve with pharmacy treatments, and a GP can help with more persistent or severe acne. Acne causes spots and oily skin, often on the face, back and chest. It is very common, especially during the teenage years. Many cases improve with pharmacy treatments over a few weeks. A GP can help with persistent, severe or scarring acne. What causes acne? Does diet cause acne? How long do acne treatments take to work? Can I prevent acne scarring?"},{"t":"Acute pancreatitis","d":"Acute pancreatitis — sudden severe upper abdominal pain, causes including gallstones and alcohol, and emergency hospital treatment.","u":"/conditions/acute-pancreatitis/","s":"Condition","x":"acute pancreatitis Acute pancreatitis is sudden inflammation of the pancreas — usually causing severe constant upper abdominal pain radiating to the back, vomiting, and feeling very unwell. Common causes are gallstones and heavy alcohol use. It is a medical emergency needing hospital admission — IV fluids, pain relief, and treating the cause. Severe cases can affect other organs — ICU care. Phone 999 or go to A&E for sudden severe tummy pain with vomiting — do not wait for GP appointment. Gallstones and alcohol cause about 80% of UK acute pancreatitis cases. Pain is typically severe, constant, epigastric, radiating through to back — worse lying flat, better leaning forward. Diagnosis — lipase or amylase blood test three times upper limit of normal plus compatible clinical picture. Most cases mild and resolve with supportive care — severe pancreatitis has significant mortality needing intensive care. After gallstone pancreatitis — cholecystectomy recommended during same admission to prevent recurrence. What are the symptoms of pancreatitis? What causes acute pancreatitis? How is pancreatitis treated? Can you die from pancreatitis? What should I eat after pancreatitis?"},{"t":"ADHD: symptoms and NHS assessment","d":"ADHD affects focus, impulsivity and organisation in children and adults. How UK assessment works and what helps meanwhile. Reviewed by UK doctors.","u":"/conditions/adhd/","s":"Condition","x":"adhd ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects attention, impulse control and activity levels. Symptoms include difficulty concentrating, restlessness and acting without thinking. It is usually diagnosed in childhood but many adults are diagnosed later. Assessment and support are available through the NHS — speak to a GP if you think you or your child may have ADHD. ADHD affects an estimated 3 to 4% of adults and about 5% of children in the UK. Three main areas — inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity — though not everyone has all three. Symptoms must be present since childhood and affect daily life in multiple settings. Treatment can include support at school or work, talking therapies, and sometimes medication. ADHD is not caused by bad parenting, too much screen time, or sugar — though these can affect behaviour. What are the main symptoms of ADHD? Can adults have ADHD if they were not diagnosed as children? How is ADHD diagnosed? How is ADHD treated? Is ADHD overdiagnosed? Where can I get an ADHD assessment in the UK?"},{"t":"Adult BMI calculator","d":"Calculate adult body mass index with guidance on its limits. Not for children.","u":"/health-tools/bmi/","s":"Tool","x":"BMI body mass index adult weight height calculator"},{"t":"Age-related macular degeneration","d":"Age-related macular degeneration — wet and dry types, symptoms including distorted vision, NHS monitoring, and treatments including anti-VEGF injections.","u":"/conditions/macular-degeneration/","s":"Condition","x":"macular degeneration Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults in the UK. It affects the macula — the central part of the retina used for sharp, detailed vision such as reading and recognising faces. Dry AMD is most common and progresses slowly. Wet AMD causes rapid vision loss from abnormal blood vessels but can be treated with eye injections. Regular eye tests and an Amsler grid help detect changes early. AMD affects the macula — central vision used for reading, driving, and recognising faces. Dry AMD is most common — slow progression with drusen deposits; no current cure but lifestyle slows decline. Wet AMD causes rapid central vision loss — treatable with anti-VEGF injections into the eye if caught early. Smoking is the biggest modifiable risk factor — doubles AMD risk. Sudden distortion of straight lines or a dark patch in central vision needs urgent same-day eye assessment. What is age-related macular degeneration? What is the difference between dry and wet AMD? What are the symptoms of AMD? How is AMD diagnosed? Can AMD be treated? Can I prevent macular degeneration? Will I go completely blind with AMD?"},{"t":"Allergy blood test (specific IgE)","d":"An allergy blood test measures specific IgE antibodies to foods and environmental allergens, confirming sensitisation alongside your symptom history.","u":"/tests/allergy-blood-test/","s":"Test","x":"allergy blood test An allergy blood test is a blood test that measures specific IgE antibodies to particular allergens, supporting an allergy diagnosis alongside your symptom history. A positive result confirms sensitisation but does not always mean a clinical allergy. Skin prick tests are often used too, so results are best interpreted with an allergy specialist. Allergy blood tests measure specific IgE antibodies to individual allergens. Results must be interpreted alongside your symptoms to be meaningful. False positives are common, showing sensitisation without a clinical allergy. The test is not useful for diagnosing non-IgE food allergy. Complex cases are usually referred to an allergy clinic. What is the difference between an allergy blood test and a skin prick test? Does a positive allergy blood test mean I am allergic? Can allergy blood tests diagnose food intolerance? How is allergy tested in children?"},{"t":"Alopecia areata","d":"Alopecia areata — patchy hair loss causes, who it affects, NHS treatments including topical steroids and immunotherapy, and emotional support.","u":"/conditions/alopecia-areata/","s":"Condition","x":"alopecia areata Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition causing sudden hair loss, usually in round or oval patches on the scalp. It can also affect eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, and body hair. It is not contagious and the hair follicles remain alive — hair can regrow, sometimes without treatment. About 1 in 50 people experience alopecia areata at some point. NHS treatments include topical steroids, steroid injections, and minoxidil; severe cases may need specialist immunotherapy. Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition — the immune system attacks hair follicles causing patchy hair loss. Affects about 1 in 50 people — can occur at any age, often first appears in childhood or young adulthood. Hair follicles remain alive beneath the skin — regrowth is possible, sometimes complete and spontaneous. Not contagious, not caused by stress alone, and not a sign of serious underlying disease. Associated with other autoimmune conditions — thyroid disease, vitiligo, and type 1 diabetes. What causes alopecia areata? Will my hair grow back? What are the types of alopecia areata? What treatments are available on the NHS? Is alopecia areata contagious? Can children get alopecia areata? How does alopecia areata affect mental health?"},{"t":"Amlodipine","d":"Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that relaxes blood vessels to treat high blood pressure and angina, sometimes causing ankle swelling.","u":"/treatments/amlodipine/","s":"Treatment","x":"amlodipine Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker medicine that relaxes blood vessels, lowering blood pressure and helping to treat angina. Ankle swelling is a common side effect, which is often manageable or can be improved by switching drugs. It is taken once daily, and large amounts of grapefruit can slightly increase the levels of amlodipine in the body. Amlodipine belongs to the dihydropyridine group of calcium channel blockers. It is taken once daily because it has a long-lasting action. Ankle swelling is common and may need a dose or drug change. Flushing and headache can occur, usually when treatment starts. Amlodipine is safe for many people with asthma, unlike beta-blockers. How can I fix ankle swelling caused by amlodipine? Should I take amlodipine in the morning or evening? Can I eat grapefruit while taking amlodipine? Can amlodipine be taken with ramipril?"},{"t":"Amoxicillin","d":"Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic for bacterial chest, ear, sinus, dental and urine infections — how to take a full course and what side effects mean.","u":"/treatments/amoxicillin/","s":"Treatment","x":"amoxicillin Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic used for bacterial infections such as some chest, ear, sinus, dental and urine infections. Complete the course unless you have an allergic reaction. It does not treat viruses. Diarrhoea is common; a widespread rash or breathing difficulty needs urgent advice. Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic — always mention any penicillin allergy. It only treats bacterial infections, not colds or most sore throats caused by viruses. Doses are usually taken three times a day, spaced evenly. Finish the prescribed course unless a clinician advises you to stop. Seek emergency help for swelling of the face or difficulty breathing. What if I have a penicillin allergy? Can I take amoxicillin with food or alcohol? What should I do if I miss a dose? Why must I finish the course? Can amoxicillin cause thrush or diarrhoea?"},{"t":"Angina","d":"Angina — chest pain from reduced blood flow to the heart, stable vs unstable, GTN spray, and when to call 999.","u":"/conditions/angina/","s":"Condition","x":"angina Angina is chest pain or tightness caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle — usually from coronary artery disease. Stable angina comes on with exertion and eases with rest or GTN spray within minutes. Unstable angina — pain at rest or worsening pattern — is a medical emergency like heart attack. GTN spray under tongue relieves attacks. See a GP for new chest pain on exertion — cardiology assessment and may need stents or bypass. Phone 999 if chest pain lasts over 15 minutes or GTN does not help. Angina affects about 2 million people in UK — more common in men over 45 and postmenopausal women. Stable angina — predictable chest tightness on exertion, relieved by rest or GTN within 5 minutes. Unstable angina — pain at rest, lasting longer, or increasing frequency — phone 999 — may progress to heart attack. GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) spray dilates coronary arteries — sit down before use — headache common side effect. Treatment includes aspirin, statins, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and revascularisation (PCI or CABG) if needed. What does angina pain feel like? What is the difference between stable and unstable angina? How is angina treated? Can you take Viagra if you have angina? Is angina the same as a heart attack?"},{"t":"Antacids and reflux medicines","d":"Antacids ease heartburn by neutralising stomach acid, while other reflux medicines reduce acid production for longer-lasting, slower relief.","u":"/treatments/antacids-and-reflux-medicines/","s":"Treatment","x":"antacids and reflux medicines Antacids and reflux medicines ease heartburn and indigestion caused by stomach acid. Antacids neutralise acid for fast, short-term relief, while other medicines reduce how much acid the stomach makes. They help symptoms, but persistent heartburn should be checked by a GP rather than treated indefinitely. Antacids neutralise stomach acid for fast, short-term relief. Other medicines reduce how much acid the stomach produces. They ease heartburn, indigestion and acid reflux symptoms. Persistent heartburn should be assessed rather than treated long term unchecked. What is the difference between antacids and other reflux medicines? How quickly do antacids work? Can I take reflux medicines long term? What else helps with heartburn besides medicines?"},{"t":"Antibiotics","d":"Antibiotics treat infections caused by bacteria, not viruses, so they will not help colds, flu, or most coughs and sore throats. Use only when needed.","u":"/treatments/antibiotics/","s":"Treatment","x":"antibiotics Antibiotics are medicines that treat infections caused by bacteria. They do not work against viruses, so they will not help colds, flu or most coughs and sore throats. Using them only when truly needed, and finishing the course as prescribed, helps keep them working. Antibiotics treat bacterial infections, not viral ones. They do not help colds, flu or most coughs and sore throats. Taking them only when needed helps prevent antibiotic resistance. Take exactly as prescribed and tell your prescriber about any allergies. Why won't my doctor give me antibiotics for a cold? What is antibiotic resistance? Should I finish the whole course? Can I drink alcohol with antibiotics? Do antibiotics stop the contraceptive pill working? What if I miss a dose? When are antibiotics actually needed? I am allergic to penicillin — what happens?"},{"t":"Antidepressants","d":"Antidepressants are medicines that treat moderate to severe depression and some anxiety disorders by balancing brain chemicals over several weeks.","u":"/treatments/antidepressants/","s":"Treatment","x":"antidepressants Antidepressants are medicines used to treat moderate to severe depression and some anxiety disorders by helping to balance brain chemicals, usually taking 4 to 6 weeks for full effect. SSRIs such as sertraline and fluoxetine are the first choice on the NHS. They should never be stopped suddenly, and young people need close monitoring when starting treatment. Antidepressants are most helpful for moderate to severe depression, while mild depression often responds to talking therapy first. SSRIs such as sertraline, citalopram and fluoxetine are usually the first choice of medicine. Full benefit takes 4 to 6 weeks, so it is worth continuing even if early side effects occur. Stopping antidepressants suddenly can cause withdrawal symptoms, so doses are reduced gradually over weeks. A rare increase in suicidal thoughts can occur in the early weeks, needing urgent GP contact in people under 25. How long do antidepressants take to work? What are the side effects of SSRIs? Can antidepressants cause weight gain? What is antidepressant withdrawal? Do antidepressants work for anxiety? Can I drink alcohol while taking antidepressants?"},{"t":"Antifungal medicines","d":"Antifungal medicines treat fungal infections like athlete's foot, ringworm and thrush, available as creams, sprays, tablets and pessaries from pharmacies.","u":"/treatments/antifungal-medicines/","s":"Treatment","x":"antifungal medicines Antifungal medicines treat infections caused by fungi — such as athlete's foot, ringworm, thrush and fungal nail infections. They come as creams, sprays, tablets and pessaries. Most everyday fungal infections clear with pharmacy treatments, used for the full recommended course. Antifungals treat infections like athlete's foot, ringworm and thrush. They come as creams, sprays, tablets and pessaries. Most everyday cases clear with pharmacy treatment. Always complete the full course, even when symptoms fade. Why must I finish the course if symptoms have gone? When are antifungal tablets needed? Do antifungal creams have side effects? How do I stop fungal infections returning?"},{"t":"Antihistamines","d":"Antihistamines are medicines that relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing and itching by blocking histamine, with drowsy and non-drowsy types available.","u":"/treatments/antihistamines/","s":"Treatment","x":"antihistamines Antihistamines are medicines that ease allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, a runny nose and hives. They work by blocking histamine, a chemical the body releases during an allergic reaction. Some cause drowsiness and some don't, and most are available from pharmacies. Antihistamines relieve allergy symptoms like sneezing, itching and hives. They work by blocking the effects of histamine. Some types cause drowsiness; many newer ones do not. They are also used to help with allergic skin reactions and insect bites. What are antihistamines used for? What is the difference between drowsy and non-drowsy antihistamines? Can I take antihistamines every day? Do antihistamines treat a severe allergic reaction?"},{"t":"Anxiety","d":"Anxiety is your body's alarm system stuck on high. Learn what drives it, which treatments work, and how to get NHS help fast. Reviewed by UK doctors.","u":"/conditions/anxiety/","s":"Condition","x":"anxiety Anxiety is a feeling of unease, worry or fear that everyone experiences at times. It becomes a problem when it is frequent, intense or hard to control, and starts to affect daily life. It is common and treatable, with support ranging from self-help and talking therapies to, sometimes, medication. Anxiety is a normal response to stress that becomes a problem when persistent. It can cause both emotional and physical symptoms. It is common and treatable — you do not have to manage it alone. Talking therapies, self-help and sometimes medication can all help. What does anxiety feel like? When does anxiety become a problem? What helps with anxiety? Can anxiety be treated? What is the best treatment for anxiety? Is there a best vitamin or supplement for stress and anxiety? What is the best medication for anxiety? Is there a free anxiety test? Can I refer myself for NHS help without seeing a GP? Are panic attacks dangerous?"},{"t":"Anxiety symptoms","d":"Anxiety causes persistent worry alongside physical symptoms such as palpitations and breathlessness; NHS talking therapies and medicines can help.","u":"/symptoms/anxiety-symptoms/","s":"Symptom","x":"anxiety symptoms Anxiety is a feeling of worry or fear that affects both the body and the mind. When persistent worry starts to interfere with daily life, it may be an anxiety disorder. NHS talking therapies such as CBT, and medicines where needed, are effective treatments. Palpitations and breathlessness are common physical symptoms of anxiety. Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterised by chronic, ongoing worry. Panic attacks build to a peak rapidly, usually within minutes. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is the first-line treatment for anxiety. New chest pain should always be assessed to rule out a heart problem. What are the physical symptoms of anxiety? What is a panic attack? Can anxiety cause chest pain? How is anxiety treated on the NHS?"},{"t":"Appendicitis","d":"Appendicitis — appendix pain location, symptoms, when to go to A&E, and NHS surgical treatment.","u":"/conditions/appendicitis/","s":"Condition","x":"appendicitis Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix — usually causing pain that starts near the belly button then moves to the lower right abdomen, with nausea and fever. It needs urgent hospital assessment — untreated appendix can burst (perforate) causing peritonitis. Treatment is usually surgery to remove the appendix (appendicectomy). Go to A&E if you have worsening abdominal pain with fever — do not wait. Appendicitis most commonly affects people aged 10 to 30 but can occur at any age. Classic pain migration — starts centrally, moves to right lower abdomen (McBurney's point). Ruptured appendix causes serious infection — higher complication rate than early surgery. Diagnosis may use clinical examination, blood tests, and ultrasound or CT scan. Some cases treated with antibiotics alone — surgery remains standard in most UK centres. What are the symptoms of appendicitis? Where is appendicitis pain located? Can appendicitis go away on its own? How is appendicitis treated? How long is recovery from appendix removal? What happens if your appendix bursts? What side is your appendix on?"},{"t":"Arthritis: types, symptoms and NHS help","d":"Arthritis is not one disease. Use this UK guide to tell osteoarthritis from inflammatory arthritis, know when a hot joint is urgent, and choose the right next step.","u":"/conditions/arthritis/","s":"Condition","x":"arthritis Arthritis means pain, stiffness or swelling in one or more joints. Osteoarthritis is the most common type and is linked to joint wear and repair. Inflammatory types such as rheumatoid arthritis need earlier specialist treatment. A suddenly hot, very painful joint with fever needs same-day assessment, not a wait-and-see GP slot. Arthritis is a group of joint conditions, not a single diagnosis. Osteoarthritis is the most common type in the UK; rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease. Staying active usually helps more than prolonged rest, if activity is paced. A hot, very painful swollen joint with fever can be joint infection and needs same-day care. What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? Should I rest an arthritic joint? Is there a blood test for arthritis? Can I see a pharmacist first? Does arthritis only affect older people? Will I need a joint replacement? Is cracking joints a sign of arthritis?"},{"t":"Aspirin","d":"Aspirin is a medicine that relieves pain and fever at standard doses, and at low daily doses helps prevent heart attacks and strokes in people at risk.","u":"/treatments/aspirin/","s":"Treatment","x":"aspirin Aspirin is a medicine that relieves pain and fever at standard doses, and at a low daily dose helps prevent heart attacks and strokes in people at high risk. It is not suitable for everyone, since it can cause stomach bleeding. During a suspected heart attack, one tablet is chewed while waiting for an ambulance, if not allergic to aspirin. Low-dose aspirin (75mg daily) prevents clots in people who have had heart attack or stroke. Standard aspirin (300mg) relieves pain, fever and inflammation. Never give aspirin to children under 16 (Reye's syndrome risk). Can cause stomach irritation and bleeding — take with food if advised. Do not start low-dose aspirin for heart prevention without GP advice. What is aspirin used for? What dose of aspirin should I take for pain? Should I take aspirin to prevent a heart attack? Can I take aspirin with other painkillers? Why should children not take aspirin?"},{"t":"Asthma","d":"A plain-English guide to asthma — symptoms, triggers, treatment and recognising an asthma attack.","u":"/conditions/asthma/","s":"Condition","x":"asthma Asthma is a common long-term condition affecting the airways that carry air in and out of the lungs. It can cause wheezing, breathlessness, a tight chest and coughing. There is no cure, but for most people symptoms are well controlled with inhalers and an asthma action plan. Asthma affects the airways and can cause wheezing, coughing and breathlessness. Symptoms often come and go and may be set off by triggers. Most people manage well with reliever and preventer inhalers. A sudden, severe worsening (an asthma attack) can be a medical emergency. What triggers asthma symptoms? What is the difference between a reliever and a preventer inhaler? Can asthma be cured? What should I do during an asthma attack? How often should asthma be reviewed? Can I take ibuprofen if I have asthma? Should I still exercise if I have asthma? What happens after an asthma attack? Is a blue reliever inhaler enough on its own?"},{"t":"Athlete's foot","d":"A plain-English guide to athlete's foot — symptoms, treatment and prevention.","u":"/conditions/athletes-foot/","s":"Condition","x":"athletes foot Athlete's foot is a common fungal infection that usually starts between the toes, causing itchy, flaky and sometimes cracked skin. It is easily treated with antifungal creams, sprays or powders from a pharmacy, and good foot hygiene helps stop it coming back. Athlete's foot is a fungal infection, usually starting between the toes. It causes itchy, flaky, sometimes cracked or sore skin. Pharmacy antifungal treatments clear most cases. Keeping feet clean and dry helps prevent it returning. What causes athlete's foot? How do I get rid of athlete's foot? Is athlete's foot contagious? How can I stop it coming back?"},{"t":"Atorvastatin","d":"Atorvastatin is a statin medicine that lowers LDL cholesterol and reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke when taken daily exactly as prescribed.","u":"/treatments/atorvastatin/","s":"Treatment","x":"atorvastatin Atorvastatin is a statin medicine that lowers LDL (\"bad\") cholesterol and reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke. It is taken once a day, at any time that suits you, and food does not affect how it works. Muscle pain is a rare side effect that should be reported to a GP, and it should be avoided in pregnancy. Atorvastatin is a potent statin used to lower LDL cholesterol. It is used for both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Liver function is usually checked before starting, with limited routine monitoring afterwards. Muscle damage (myopathy) is rare, but new muscle pain should always be reported. Atorvastatin can interact with a number of other medicines. When is the best time to take atorvastatin? What should I do if I get muscle pain while taking atorvastatin? Can I take atorvastatin during pregnancy? Can I drink alcohol while taking atorvastatin?"},{"t":"Atrial fibrillation","d":"Atrial fibrillation (AF) — irregular heartbeat, palpitations, stroke risk, anticoagulation, and NHS rate control treatments.","u":"/conditions/atrial-fibrillation/","s":"Condition","x":"atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disorder — irregular often fast heartbeat from chaotic electrical activity in the upper heart chambers. Symptoms include palpitations, breathlessness, fatigue, and dizziness — but some people have no symptoms. Main treatment goals — control rate or rhythm and prevent stroke with anticoagulants if stroke risk warrants. See a GP for persistent palpitations or irregular pulse — pulse check can detect AF. AF affects about 1 in 10 people over 65 — incidence rising with ageing population. Irregularly irregular pulse — no pattern between beats — classic examination finding. AF increases stroke risk about 5-fold — CHA2DS2-VASc score guides anticoagulation need. DOAC anticoagulants (apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban) preferred over warfarin for most non-valvular AF. Alcohol binge, hypertension, sleep apnoea, and hyperthyroidism are common modifiable triggers. What does atrial fibrillation feel like? Is atrial fibrillation dangerous? How is atrial fibrillation treated? What is the difference between warfarin and DOACs for AF? Can atrial fibrillation be cured?"},{"t":"Autism","d":"Autism spectrum disorder — signs in children and adults, assessment pathway on the NHS, and support for communication and sensory needs.","u":"/conditions/autism/","s":"Condition","x":"autism Autism (autism spectrum disorder) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental difference affecting social communication, sensory processing, and patterns of behaviour or interests. It is not an illness to cure — support focuses on strengths and managing challenges. Signs include difficulty reading social cues, sensory sensitivities, strong routines, and intense interests. Children are often referred via GP or school to community paediatrics or CAMHS; adult diagnosis via NHS autism assessment teams — waiting lists can be long. Reasonable adjustments at school and work are legal rights. About 1 in 100 people in the UK are autistic — many adults undiagnosed until later life. Spectrum means wide variation — some need substantial support, others live independently with adjustments. Common co-occurring conditions include ADHD, anxiety, epilepsy, and learning disability — not everyone has all. Diagnosis requires specialist multidisciplinary assessment — not a blood test or single questionnaire. Autism is not caused by vaccines — this has been thoroughly disproven. What are early signs of autism in children? Can adults be diagnosed with autism? How is autism assessed on the NHS? Is autism the same as Asperger syndrome? What support is available after an autism diagnosis?"},{"t":"Back pain","d":"What causes back pain, what actually helps recovery, and the red flags that need urgent attention.","u":"/symptoms/back-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"back pain Back pain is extremely common and usually not caused by anything serious. Most episodes improve within a few weeks, and staying gently active helps recovery far more than bed rest. A small number of cases have warning signs that need urgent assessment. Most back pain is \"non-specific\" — muscular and not serious. It usually improves within a few weeks. Staying gently active beats bed rest for recovery. A few red-flag symptoms need urgent assessment. What causes most back pain? Should I rest or keep moving? What helps back pain at home? When is back pain serious? Do I need an X-ray or MRI? Can I refer myself to physiotherapy? Is paracetamol enough for back pain? What if the pain goes down my leg? Will I need surgery?"},{"t":"Bipolar disorder","d":"Bipolar disorder — manic and depressive episodes, types, NHS treatment with mood stabilisers, and when to seek urgent help.","u":"/conditions/bipolar-disorder/","s":"Condition","x":"bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder causes extreme mood swings — manic or hypomanic highs (elevated mood, reduced sleep, risky behaviour) alternating with depressive lows. Types include bipolar I (full mania) and bipolar II (hypomania plus depression). Treatment combines mood stabilisers like lithium, antipsychotics, and psychological therapy. See a GP if mood swings severely disrupt life — urgent help if psychotic, suicidal, or not sleeping for days with reckless behaviour. Bipolar affects roughly 1 in 50 people — often starts in late teens or twenties. Mania includes elevated mood, reduced need for sleep, grandiosity, and risky spending or sexual behaviour. Depression in bipolar can be severe — antidepressants alone may trigger mania without mood stabiliser cover. Lithium remains a gold-standard mood stabiliser — requires blood level monitoring. Lifelong condition — but most people achieve stability with treatment and self-management. What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II? What does a manic episode feel like? Is bipolar disorder the same as mood swings? How is bipolar disorder treated? Can people with bipolar work normally? What is the best mood stabiliser for bipolar disorder?"},{"t":"Bladder cancer","d":"Bladder cancer — blood in urine, diagnosis, staging, and NHS treatment including TURBT, BCG, and cystectomy.","u":"/conditions/bladder-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"bladder cancer Bladder cancer is one of the commonest cancers in the UK — most often presents with blood in urine (visible or microscopic) with no pain. Smoking is the biggest risk factor. Diagnosis needs cystoscopy and biopsy — urine tests alone are not enough. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is treated with removal via cystoscope (TURBT) plus BCG immunotherapy into bladder. Muscle-invasive disease may need bladder removal (cystectomy) or chemoradiotherapy. See a GP within 2 weeks for blood in urine — even once — especially if you smoke or are over 45. About 10,300 bladder cancer cases in the UK each year — 4th commonest cancer in men. Painless visible blood in urine (haematuria) is the classic presentation — always needs investigation. Smoking causes about half of cases — quitting reduces risk. Occupational exposure to aromatic amines (dye, rubber industries) increases risk — past exposures matter. Most bladder cancers are urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma — superficial or invasive. What are the symptoms of bladder cancer? How is bladder cancer diagnosed? How is non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated? How is muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated? Can bladder cancer be prevented?"},{"t":"Bleeding after sex","d":"Causes of bleeding after sex or between periods, STI and cervical checks, and why postmenopausal bleeding needs assessment.","u":"/symptoms/bleeding-after-sex/","s":"Symptom","x":"bleeding after sex Bleeding after sex is often caused by cervical changes, dryness, polyps, contraception or infection, but it should be checked if unexplained or recurring. Arrange a GP or sexual-health appointment. Any bleeding after menopause needs assessment even if it happens once. Pregnancy, STI risk, contraception and cervical-screening history help guide assessment. Cervical screening is not a diagnostic test for current symptoms. Heavy bleeding with severe pain, dizziness or pregnancy possibility needs urgent help. Can vaginal dryness cause bleeding after sex? Could an STI cause bleeding? Should I wait for cervical screening?"},{"t":"Bleeding in pregnancy","d":"What spotting or bleeding during pregnancy can mean, who to contact by stage, and emergency signs such as severe pain or collapse.","u":"/symptoms/bleeding-in-pregnancy/","s":"Symptom","x":"bleeding in pregnancy Bleeding in pregnancy is not always caused by a serious problem, but it should be assessed. Contact your maternity service, early-pregnancy unit, GP or NHS 111 according to your stage of pregnancy. Heavy bleeding, severe one-sided pain, shoulder-tip pain, dizziness or collapse requires emergency help. Note the amount, colour, clots, pain and pregnancy stage. Bleeding can have cervical, placental, miscarriage or ectopic causes. Anti-D may be relevant for some rhesus-negative people after bleeding. Is light spotting normal in early pregnancy? Who should I call about pregnancy bleeding? Should I use a pad or tampon?"},{"t":"Bloating","d":"Bloating is a swollen, tight feeling in the tummy, usually caused by swallowed air, certain foods, constipation or IBS, and often eases with diet changes.","u":"/symptoms/bloating/","s":"Symptom","x":"bloating Bloating — a swollen, tight tummy — is usually caused by swallowed air, certain foods, constipation or irritable bowel syndrome. It often improves with dietary changes and regular bowel habits. Persistent bloating, weight loss or blood in stools needs a GP review. Eating too fast, fizzy drinks and chewing gum increase swallowed air. IBS and food intolerances are common causes of bloating. Constipation often causes bloating that eases after a bowel movement. Persistent bloating in women may rarely signal ovarian cancer — do not ignore ongoing symptoms. Probiotics help some people with bloating, but the evidence varies. Why do I bloat after eating? Is bloating always IBS? Can stress cause bloating? What dietary changes help bloating?"},{"t":"Blood in poo: when to see a GP","d":"Unexplained rectal bleeding in adults needs a GP. Piles are common but should not be assumed. Heavy bleeding, collapse or black tarry stool can be 999.","u":"/symptoms/blood-in-poo/","s":"Symptom","x":"blood in poo Blood in poo may be bright red on the paper or mixed in the stool, or look black and tarry. Piles and fissures are common, but unexplained rectal bleeding in adults needs a GP on a 2-week-wait pathway — do not assume piles. Call 999 for heavy bleeding, collapse, or black tarry stool if you feel very unwell. Unexplained rectal bleeding in adults should be assessed by a GP, not assumed to be piles. Bright red blood on the paper often comes from the anus or lower rectum. Black tarry stools can mean bleeding higher in the gut and need urgent help if you are unwell. A change in bowel habit, weight loss or anaemia alongside bleeding raises concern. You will be invited to bowel screening according to your UK nation's programme. Heavy bleeding, collapse, or feeling very unwell with black stool is 999. What does blood in poo look like? What are common causes? Could it be bowel cancer? What is bowel cancer screening? When is rectal bleeding an emergency? I have been told I have piles — can I ignore new bleeding? What will a GP do?"},{"t":"Blood in urine","d":"Blood in urine (haematuria) can be caused by infection, kidney stones or, rarely, bladder or kidney cancer — see a GP the same day, even if it stops.","u":"/symptoms/blood-in-urine/","s":"Symptom","x":"blood in urine Blood in urine (haematuria) may appear pink, red or brown, or be found only on a urine test. Causes range from urine infections and kidney stones to — rarely — bladder or kidney cancer. See a GP the same day for visible blood in urine, especially if you are over 45 or smoke — urgent assessment rules out serious causes. Blood may be visible (pink, red, brown urine) or invisible — found only on testing. UTIs, kidney stones and exercise are common benign causes of blood in urine. Visible blood in urine without pain still needs same-day GP assessment. Bladder cancer is rare but more likely in smokers and people over 45. Never ignore blood in urine, even if it happens once and then stops. What does blood in urine look like? What causes blood in urine? Can blood in urine be harmless? What tests will a GP do for blood in urine? Is blood in urine a sign of cancer?"},{"t":"Blood pressure checks: where to go and what to ask","d":"Find out where to get a blood pressure check, who can use the free pharmacy service in England, and what to ask about your result and follow-up.","u":"/guides/preparing-for-a-blood-pressure-check/","s":"Guide","x":"preparing for a blood pressure check You can ask a GP surgery or pharmacy about a blood pressure check. In England, an NHS pharmacy finder lists services offering free checks for eligible adults. The person checking your blood pressure should explain the reading and any follow-up. If you already have high blood pressure, follow the monitoring plan agreed with your healthcare team. Ask the pharmacy about eligibility, availability and any charge before visiting. Keep the reading and the next-step instructions together. A routine check does not replace help for urgent symptoms. Can I get a check without a GP appointment? Should I buy a home blood pressure monitor first?"},{"t":"Blood pressure medicines","d":"Blood pressure medicines lower the force of blood against artery walls, reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke, and are usually taken long-term.","u":"/treatments/blood-pressure-medicines/","s":"Treatment","x":"blood pressure medicines Blood pressure medicines are drugs that lower the force of blood against artery walls, reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke. Common types include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers, and most people need to take them for life. They should be taken exactly as prescribed, since stopping suddenly can be harmful. High blood pressure usually has no symptoms — treatment prevents future heart attack and stroke. Most people need one or more medicines long-term alongside lifestyle changes. ACE inhibitors (names ending -pril) and ARBs (-sartan) are commonly used first-line. Take medicines at the same time each day — do not stop without GP advice. Regular blood pressure checks confirm treatment is working. What are the main types of blood pressure medicine? Will I need to take blood pressure medicine forever? What are common side effects? Can I take blood pressure medicine with other drugs? What if my blood pressure is still high?"},{"t":"Blood tests overview","d":"Blood tests check your health, diagnose conditions and monitor medicines; most are quick vein samples that need no preparation, though some require fasting.","u":"/tests/blood-tests-overview/","s":"Test","x":"blood tests overview A blood test is a sample of blood taken from a vein and checked in a laboratory to assess your health, diagnose conditions or monitor medicines. Most blood tests need no special preparation, although some require fasting. A phlebotomist usually takes the sample, and the results are sent to your GP. Routine blood tests check your blood count, kidneys, liver, thyroid and more. Fasting may be needed for glucose and lipid tests, so follow instructions. Most blood tests involve a quick sample taken from a vein. Results usually reach your GP within a few days. Abnormal results often need a repeat or further tests to confirm. Do blood tests hurt? Do I need to fast before a blood test? How long do blood test results take? What happens if my blood test results are abnormal? What free NHS health checks and screenings am I entitled to?"},{"t":"Blurred vision","d":"Blurred vision is often caused by needing new glasses, dry eyes, migraine or diabetes — sudden blurring with pain or vision loss needs emergency care.","u":"/symptoms/blurred-vision/","s":"Symptom","x":"blurred vision Blurred vision means your sight is out of focus and can be caused by needing new glasses, dry eyes, migraine or high blood sugar. Sudden blurring in one or both eyes, especially with eye pain, flashing lights or curtain-like vision loss, needs emergency assessment — these can signal retinal detachment or stroke. Refractive errors such as long or short sight are very common causes of blurring. Diabetes can cause rapid vision changes when blood sugar is high. Migraine aura may cause temporary blurred or zigzag vision. Sudden painless vision loss in one eye needs same-day assessment. Flashing lights and floaters with blurred vision may indicate retinal detachment. Can tiredness cause blurred vision? Why does diabetes affect vision? What is a retinal detachment? Should I see an optician or a GP first for blurred vision?"},{"t":"Bones, joints and muscles","d":"Practical guides to bone, joint and muscle problems, from back pain and arthritis to osteoporosis — easing pain at home and when to seek medical advice.","u":"/topics/bones-joints-and-muscles/","s":"Topic","x":"carpal tunnel syndrome fibromyalgia frozen shoulder gout lupus osteoarthritis osteoporosis plantar fasciitis rheumatoid arthritis vitamin d deficiency back pain hip pain joint pain knee pain leg pain muscle pain neck pain sciatica shoulder pain co codamol codeine ibuprofen naproxen paracetamol prednisolone mri scan x ray"},{"t":"Borderline personality disorder (BPD)","d":"A plain-English guide to borderline personality disorder (BPD) — symptoms, causes, and the talking therapies that help, on the NHS.","u":"/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/","s":"Condition","x":"borderline personality disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also called emotionally unstable personality disorder, affects how you feel about yourself and others. It causes intense, fast-changing emotions, a fear of abandonment, unstable relationships and impulsive behaviour. It is treatable — specialist talking therapies such as DBT and MBT help many people build a stable, fulfilling life. BPD is also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD). Core features include intense emotions, fear of abandonment, unstable relationships and impulsive behaviour. It often begins in the teenage years or early adulthood and frequently follows difficult or traumatic experiences. Specialist talking therapies such as DBT and MBT are the main treatment, and many people improve. Self-harm and suicidal feelings are common in BPD — support is available and these feelings can be treated. What are the symptoms of borderline personality disorder? Is BPD the same as bipolar disorder? What causes borderline personality disorder? How is BPD treated? Can people with BPD recover?"},{"t":"Bowel cancer","d":"Bowel cancer is very treatable caught early. Know the symptoms, use the free NHS home test kit, and see a GP about any bleeding. Reviewed by UK doctors.","u":"/conditions/bowel-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"bowel cancer Bowel cancer is cancer of the colon or rectum — one of the most common cancers in the UK. Symptoms include persistent change in bowel habit, blood in poo, unexplained weight loss and abdominal pain. The NHS sends screening tests to eligible adults to find cancer early. See a GP for any symptoms — do not wait for screening age. About 1 in 15 men and 1 in 18 women develop bowel cancer in their lifetime. NHS bowel cancer screening uses home FIT tests from age 60 (expanding to 50 in England). Persistent change in bowel habit for 3 weeks needs GP assessment regardless of age. When found early, bowel cancer is very treatable — screening saves lives. Red flags — blood in poo, weight loss, anaemia — should never be assumed to be piles. What are the symptoms of bowel cancer? What is bowel cancer screening? Who gets bowel cancer screening in the UK? Am I at higher risk of bowel cancer? How is bowel cancer treated?"},{"t":"Bowel cancer screening","d":"Bowel cancer screening uses a home FIT kit to detect hidden blood in poo; it is offered every 2 years in England and a positive result leads to colonoscopy.","u":"/tests/bowel-cancer-screening/","s":"Test","x":"bowel cancer screening Bowel cancer screening is an NHS programme that uses a home FIT kit to detect hidden blood in your poo. It is offered every 2 years to people aged 60 to 74 in England, with the range expanding to include those aged 56 and over. A positive result leads to a colonoscopy. The FIT kit is posted to the homes of eligible people. It detects blood in poo that is invisible to the naked eye. A positive FIT result leads to a colonoscopy to find the cause. Bowel cancer is the third most common cancer in the UK. Report bowel symptoms even after a recent negative FIT result. How do I use a FIT kit? What does a positive bowel cancer screening result mean? What should I do if I have symptoms but a negative FIT result? Who is eligible for bowel cancer screening?"},{"t":"Brain tumour","d":"Brain tumours — primary and secondary cancers, red flag symptoms, diagnosis with MRI, and NHS treatment including surgery and radiotherapy.","u":"/conditions/brain-tumour/","s":"Condition","x":"brain tumour A brain tumour is a growth of cells in the brain — primary (starts in brain) or secondary (spread from cancer elsewhere). Symptoms depend on location — persistent headache worse in morning, seizures new in adulthood, personality change, weakness on one side, vision or speech problems, or balance difficulties. Most headaches are not brain tumours — but new neurological symptoms need urgent GP assessment and MRI. Treatment may include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or steroids to reduce swelling. See a GP urgently for new seizures, progressive neurological symptoms, or persistent morning headache with vomiting. About 12,000 brain and central nervous system tumours diagnosed in the UK each year — many are benign (meningioma). Glioblastoma is the commonest aggressive primary brain cancer in adults — difficult to cure. Secondary brain metastases from lung, breast, melanoma, and kidney cancer are commoner than primary tumours in adults. New seizure in adult without previous epilepsy — investigate with MRI — may be first sign of tumour. Benign tumours (meningioma, acoustic neuroma) can still cause serious symptoms from pressure — often treatable with surgery or watch-and-wait. What are the symptoms of a brain tumour? Are all brain tumours cancer? How is a brain tumour diagnosed? How are brain tumours treated? What is the outlook for brain tumours?"},{"t":"Breast cancer","d":"Breast changes to discuss with a GP, how NHS screening differs from checking symptoms, and what to expect from breast-clinic tests and treatment discussions.","u":"/conditions/breast-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"breast cancer Breast cancer can affect anyone. A new lump, swelling, nipple change or other unusual breast change should be checked by a GP. These symptoms often have other causes, but you cannot diagnose them yourself. Contact your GP to arrange an appointment; do not wait for a screening invitation or for a lump to become painful. A referral to a breast clinic means further assessment is needed; it does not confirm cancer. Screening checks people without symptoms. New symptoms need a GP assessment even after a recent normal mammogram. Treatment is planned around the cancer's characteristics, your health and your preferences. Does a painless lump need checking? Will I get all my breast-clinic results that day? Can I have breast screening after 71? Where can I find further reading and support?"},{"t":"Breast lump","d":"Most breast lumps are benign — cysts and fibroadenomas are common — but any new breast lump, thickening or nipple change needs GP assessment within two weeks.","u":"/symptoms/breast-lump/","s":"Symptom","x":"breast lump A breast lump is a swelling or thickening in the breast tissue, and most breast lumps are not cancer — cysts and fibroadenomas are common, especially under 40. Any new lump, nipple discharge, skin change or persistent breast pain needs GP assessment within two weeks. The NHS breast screening programme checks women aged 50 to 71. Most breast lumps are benign — but every new lump needs medical assessment. Breast cancer can present as a painless lump — do not wait for pain. Know what is normal for you and check your breasts regularly for changes. The NHS Breast Screening Programme invites women aged 50 to 71 every three years. Men can get breast cancer too — though it is much less common. How do I check my breasts? What causes benign breast lumps? What are the signs of breast cancer? When does NHS breast screening start? Can men get breast lumps?"},{"t":"Breast pain","d":"Common causes of breast pain, measures that may help, and breast changes that need urgent GP or NHS 111 assessment.","u":"/symptoms/breast-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"breast pain Breast pain is commonly related to periods, pregnancy, menopause, medicines or pain referred from the chest wall. Pain by itself is unlikely to be breast cancer, but persistent pain or pain with a lump, nipple discharge, skin dimpling, shape change, heat or redness needs assessment. Period-related pain often affects both breasts before a period. A supportive, correctly fitted bra and suitable pain relief may help. Evening primrose oil and vitamin E have little evidence for benefit. Is breast pain a sign of cancer? Why do my breasts hurt before a period? Can neck or shoulder strain feel like breast pain?"},{"t":"Bronchiectasis","d":"Bronchiectasis symptoms, airway-clearance treatment, flare-ups, antibiotics and when coughing blood or breathlessness is urgent.","u":"/conditions/bronchiectasis/","s":"Condition","x":"bronchiectasis Bronchiectasis is a long-term condition in which widened airways collect mucus, leading to a persistent productive cough and repeated chest infections. Daily airway-clearance exercises, vaccinations and prompt treatment of flare-ups help protect lung function. A long-lasting cough producing phlegm is typical. Diagnosis commonly involves a CT scan and breathing tests. Physiotherapy to clear mucus is a core treatment. Is bronchiectasis the same as COPD? Can bronchiectasis be cured? Why is sputum testing used?"},{"t":"Bronchiolitis: home care or 999?","d":"Bronchiolitis is a viral chest infection in babies and children under 2, often RSV. Most recover at home. Call 999 if they are working hard to breathe.","u":"/conditions/bronchiolitis/","s":"Condition","x":"bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis is a viral chest infection in babies and children under 2, usually RSV. It starts like a cold, then cough, faster breathing and harder feeding. Most recover at home with smaller, more frequent feeds. Call 111 if feeding drops or nappies dry out. Call 999 if they work hard to breathe, go blue or grey, or will not wake. Bronchiolitis usually affects babies and children under 2, often in winter. It is usually caused by RSV and does not need antibiotics. Symptoms are often worst around days 3 to 5; the cough may last about 3 weeks. Smaller, more frequent feeds and sitting upright when awake can help. Working hard to breathe, going blue or grey, or being floppy is 999. How long does bronchiolitis last? Can I treat bronchiolitis at home? Do babies with bronchiolitis need antibiotics? Is bronchiolitis contagious? Will bronchiolitis damage my baby's lungs? Is there an RSV vaccine?"},{"t":"Bronchitis","d":"Acute bronchitis is a chesty cough after a cold — why antibiotics are rarely needed, what helps recovery, and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/bronchitis/","s":"Condition","x":"bronchitis Bronchitis is inflammation of the airways in the lungs, usually following a cold or flu. The main symptom is a cough that may bring up mucus, sometimes lasting a few weeks. Most cases are caused by a virus, clear up on their own, and do not need antibiotics. Acute bronchitis is short-term inflammation of the lungs' airways. The main symptom is a cough, which can linger for a few weeks. Most cases are viral and get better without antibiotics. A long-lasting or recurring cough should be checked by a GP. What is the difference between acute and chronic bronchitis? How long does bronchitis last? Do I need antibiotics for bronchitis? How can I ease bronchitis symptoms?"},{"t":"Bruising easily","d":"Easy bruising is often caused by ageing skin or blood-thinning medicines; unexplained bruises, bleeding gums or prolonged bleeding need GP blood tests.","u":"/symptoms/bruising-easily/","s":"Symptom","x":"bruising easily Easy bruising means bruises appear after minor bumps or with no clear cause. It becomes more common with age, as skin thins, and with blood-thinning medicines such as warfarin, DOACs and aspirin. Unexplained bruising, bleeding gums or prolonged bleeding should be checked by a GP, who may arrange blood tests. Skin becomes thinner with age, so bruises appear more easily after minor bumps. Anticoagulant medicines such as warfarin and DOACs make bruising more likely. Platelet disorders such as ITP are a rare cause of easy bruising. Report large or unexplained bruises to your GP if you take warfarin or a DOAC. Support is available if you are worried that bruising is caused by abuse. Why do I bruise more easily as I get older? Do blood thinners cause easy bruising? When is easy bruising a sign of something serious? Can supplements make bruising worse?"},{"t":"Burns and scalds","d":"Burn first aid, including 20 minutes of cool running water, what not to apply, and which burns need 999 or hospital treatment.","u":"/conditions/burns-and-scalds/","s":"Condition","x":"burns and scalds Cool a burn or scald under cool or lukewarm running water for 20 minutes as soon as possible. Remove nearby clothing and jewellery unless stuck, then cover loosely with cling film or a clean non-fluffy dressing. Do not use ice, butter, toothpaste or creams. Cool for 20 minutes; do not use ice or very cold water. Cover after cooling, without wrapping tightly. Chemical and electrical burns require urgent medical assessment. How long should I cool a burn? Should I burst a burn blister? Can I put ice or cream on a burn?"},{"t":"Cancer","d":"Clear, NHS-aligned guides to cancer types, symptoms and screening. Learn which signs need a GP visit — finding cancer early makes treatment more effective.","u":"/topics/cancer/","s":"Topic","x":"bladder cancer bowel cancer brain tumour breast cancer cervical cancer human papillomavirus hpv kidney cancer leukaemia liver cancer lung cancer lymphoma melanoma non melanoma skin cancer ovarian cancer pancreatic cancer prostate cancer testicular cancer thyroid cancer blood in poo blood in urine breast lump difficulty swallowing hoarse voice lump in neck mole changes night sweats testicular lump unexplained weight loss vaginal bleeding bowel cancer screening cervical screening colonoscopy ct scan endoscopy mammogram mri scan psa test"},{"t":"Carpal tunnel syndrome","d":"A plain-English guide to carpal tunnel syndrome — numb, tingling hands — and what helps.","u":"/conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/","s":"Condition","x":"carpal tunnel syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on a nerve in the wrist. It causes tingling, numbness and sometimes pain in the hand and fingers, often worse at night. Mild cases often improve with a wrist splint and adjusting activities; persistent cases have effective treatments, including a small operation. It is caused by pressure on the median nerve in the wrist. It causes tingling, numbness and pain in the hand and fingers. Symptoms are often worse at night. Wrist splints help many; persistent cases have effective treatments. What does carpal tunnel syndrome feel like? What causes it? How is carpal tunnel syndrome treated? Will it go away on its own?"},{"t":"Cataract surgery","d":"What cataract surgery involves, what to expect on the day, recovery and the risks — explained in plain English and reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.","u":"/treatments/cataract-surgery/","s":"Treatment","x":"cataract surgery Cataract surgery removes the cloudy lens inside your eye and replaces it with a clear artificial one. It is one of the most common and successful operations in the UK, usually done while you are awake under local anaesthetic and taking about 30 to 45 minutes. Most people go home the same day and notice clearer vision within a few days. Cataract surgery replaces the eye's cloudy lens with a clear one. It is usually done awake, under local anaesthetic, as a day case. The operation itself takes about 30 to 45 minutes. Most people recover quickly, with clearer vision within days. Does cataract surgery hurt? How long does it take to recover from cataract surgery? Will I still need glasses after cataract surgery? Can a cataract come back after surgery?"},{"t":"Cataracts","d":"A plain-English guide to cataracts — what they are, the symptoms, and how cataract surgery restores clear vision, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.","u":"/conditions/cataracts/","s":"Condition","x":"cataracts A cataract is when the clear lens inside the eye becomes cloudy, making your vision blurry, misty or dim. Cataracts are very common, especially as you get older, and they usually develop slowly over years. They cannot be treated with drops or glasses, but a short and very effective operation to replace the cloudy lens can restore clear sight. A cataract is a cloudy lens inside the eye, usually age-related. It causes blurry, misty or dim vision and glare from bright lights. Cataracts cannot be cured with eye drops or glasses. Cataract surgery is common, quick and very effective. Are cataracts serious? Can cataracts be treated without surgery? Do cataracts grow back after surgery? At what age do cataracts start?"},{"t":"Cellulitis","d":"A plain-English guide to cellulitis — a bacterial skin infection, symptoms, treatment with antibiotics, and when to seek urgent help.","u":"/conditions/cellulitis/","s":"Condition","x":"cellulitis Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the deeper skin layers, causing a red, hot, swollen and painful area that spreads quickly. It needs antibiotic treatment — see a GP promptly. Call 999 if the redness spreads rapidly, you have a high fever with confusion, or red streaks appear — signs the infection may be spreading in the bloodstream. Cellulitis usually affects one area — often the lower leg — and spreads if untreated. Broken skin, athlete's foot, and insect bites are common entry points for bacteria. Antibiotics are essential — the infection does not clear on its own. Mark the edge of the redness with a pen to track whether it is spreading. People with diabetes or weakened immunity are at higher risk and need prompt treatment. What does cellulitis look like? What causes cellulitis? How is cellulitis treated? How can I prevent cellulitis? What is the difference between cellulitis and erysipelas?"},{"t":"Cervical cancer","d":"Cervical cancer — HPV link, cervical screening (smear test), symptoms, prevention with HPV vaccine, and NHS treatment overview.","u":"/conditions/cervical-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"cervical cancer Cervical cancer develops in the cervix — almost always linked to persistent high-risk HPV infection. Cervical screening (smear test) detects abnormal cells before cancer forms — offered every 3 to 5 years to women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 64. HPV vaccination in school-age girls and boys prevents most cases. Symptoms include bleeding between periods, after sex, or after menopause — see a GP promptly. Highly preventable and curable when caught early. Cervical cancer is caused by high-risk HPV types in nearly all cases — not genetic or lifestyle in most. NHS cervical screening — HPV primary testing first — every 3 years (25–49) and every 5 years (50–64) in England. HPV vaccine (Gardasil) offered age 12–13 — dramatically reduces cervical cancer rates in vaccinated cohorts. Abnormal smear does not mean cancer — colposcopy examines cervix and treats pre-cancer (CIN) often without major surgery. Bleeding after sex or between periods needs GP assessment — do not wait for next routine smear if symptomatic. What are the symptoms of cervical cancer? What is a smear test? Does HPV mean I will get cervical cancer? How is cervical cancer treated? Can cervical cancer be prevented?"},{"t":"Cervical screening: NHS smear test","d":"England invites people with a cervix aged 25 to 64 for HPV primary screening. It is not a cancer test. The vaccine does not replace it. Bleeding between screens still needs a GP.","u":"/tests/cervical-screening/","s":"Test","x":"cervical screening Cervical screening, still often called a smear test, checks the cervix for high-risk HPV to help prevent cervical cancer. In England, people with a cervix aged 25 to 64 are invited, usually every 3 years from 25 to 49 and every 5 years from 50 to 64. It is not a test for cancer. The HPV vaccine does not replace screening. Bleeding between periods, after sex, or after menopause still needs a GP. In England, people with a cervix aged 25 to 64 are invited for cervical screening. Invitations are usually every 3 years from 25 to 49 and every 5 years from 50 to 64; follow the date on your letter. The sample is tested for high-risk HPV first. Screening is not a test for cancer. The HPV vaccine reduces risk but does not replace screening. Bleeding between periods, after sex, or after menopause still needs a GP. Does cervical screening hurt? What happens if HPV is found? Do I still need screening after the HPV vaccine? Do I need screening after a hysterectomy? Why is screening not offered under 25 in England? What if I missed my last invitation? Should I delay screening if I am pregnant?"},{"t":"Checking health information online and in AI answers","d":"A practical UK guide to checking health claims, reading AI summaries carefully and taking useful questions to your healthcare team.","u":"/guides/checking-online-health-information/","s":"Guide","x":"checking online health information Check who produced a health claim, when it was checked and whether its sources support it. Open the original source behind an AI answer and look for UK guidance. If the information could change your care, discuss it with your healthcare professional before acting on it. An AI answer is a starting point for questions, not a personal medical assessment. A source-check date is different from a clinical review by a health professional. Save the claim and the original source so you can discuss them together. Does being first in search results mean a health page is reliable? What if an AI answer contradicts my clinician? Does HealthAnswers have the PIF TICK?"},{"t":"Chest infection","d":"A plain-English guide to chest infections — bronchitis and pneumonia symptoms, home care, and when to see a GP urgently.","u":"/conditions/chest-infection/","s":"Condition","x":"chest infection A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or large airways, usually caused by a virus or sometimes bacteria. Symptoms include cough, breathlessness, chest discomfort and sometimes a high temperature. Many viral chest infections clear up within a few weeks, but see a GP if you feel very unwell, breathless, or symptoms last more than 3 weeks. Most chest infections are viral and get better without antibiotics. A cough with green or yellow phlegm does not automatically mean you need antibiotics. Pneumonia is a chest infection affecting the small air sacs in the lungs — it can be more serious. Older adults, smokers and people with lung or heart disease are at higher risk. Rest, fluids and pain relief are the main treatments for mild cases. What is the difference between bronchitis and pneumonia? Do I need antibiotics for a chest infection? How long does a chest infection last? How can I recover at home? When is a chest infection an emergency?"},{"t":"Chest pain","d":"What chest pain can mean, the emergency signs to act on immediately, and common non-serious causes.","u":"/symptoms/chest-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"chest pain Chest pain has many causes, from muscle strain and heartburn to heart problems. Because it can signal a heart attack, sudden chest pain should be taken seriously. Call 999 immediately for chest pain that spreads to the arms, back, neck or jaw, or comes with sweating, breathlessness or feeling sick. Heartburn and reflux — burning pain, often after eating or lying down. Muscle strain — pain that worsens when you move or press the area. Anxiety or panic — tightness with a racing heart and fast breathing. Heart problems — pressure-like pain that needs emergency assessment. How do I know if chest pain is my heart? What are common non-serious causes of chest pain? Should I take aspirin during a suspected heart attack? What if my chest pain comes and goes? Can heartburn feel like a heart attack? I have angina — when do I call 999? What will happen if I call 999 for chest pain that is not my heart? Who is more likely to have a heart cause?"},{"t":"Chickenpox: home care or 111?","d":"Chickenpox is itchy spots that blister then crust. Stay off until all spots have scabbed. Pregnant, newborn or immunocompromised contacts need advice.","u":"/conditions/chickenpox/","s":"Condition","x":"chickenpox Chickenpox is an itchy spotty illness. Most children recover at home with fluids and paracetamol. You are infectious until every blister has crusted — stay off school or work until then. Avoid pregnant people, newborns and anyone with a weak immune system. Use 111 if they cannot drink. Call 999 for breathing difficulty or a fit. Chickenpox is infectious until all spots have crusted over. NHS advice is to stay off school, nursery or work until every spot has formed a scab. Pregnant people, newborns and anyone with a weakened immune system need advice after contact. Do not use ibuprofen for chickenpox unless a doctor says otherwise. The same virus can later cause shingles if it reactivates. How long does chickenpox last? When can my child go back to school? How can I soothe the itch? Can adults get chickenpox? Is there a chickenpox vaccine? Can chickenpox cause shingles later?"},{"t":"Child vomiting: fluids, 111 or 999?","d":"Most childhood vomiting is a tummy bug. Offer small sips and oral rehydration from a pharmacy. Green vomit, blood, or a floppy child is 999.","u":"/symptoms/vomiting-in-children/","s":"Symptom","x":"vomiting in children Most vomiting and diarrhoea in children is a tummy bug. Keep breastfeeding, offer small frequent sips, and get oral rehydration sachets from a pharmacy. Stay off school until 48 hours after the last episode. Use 111 if a baby worries you or fluids will not stay down. Call 999 for green vomit, blood, or a floppy child. Vomiting often settles within 1 to 2 days; diarrhoea can last 5 to 7 days. Continue breastfeeding; never dilute formula. Stay off school or nursery until 48 hours after the last episode. Oral rehydration solution from a pharmacy replaces fluid and salts. Green vomit, blood, a non-blanching rash, or a floppy child is 999. What should I give a vomiting child to drink? Should I stop formula feeds? Can children take anti-diarrhoea medicine? When can they go back to school? What does green vomit mean? How do I spot dehydration?"},{"t":"Children's health","d":"Fever, rashes, common childhood infections and when to call NHS 111 or 999.","u":"/childrens-health/","s":"Topic","x":"children child baby fever rash croup chickenpox measles meningitis ear infection 111"},{"t":"Chlamydia: test, treat, tell partners","d":"Chlamydia is a common STI. Many people have no symptoms. Free NHS clinic or postal tests, a short antibiotic course, and partner treatment matter.","u":"/conditions/chlamydia/","s":"Condition","x":"chlamydia Chlamydia is a common bacterial STI. NHS notes that many people have no symptoms, so a test is the only way to know. Free confidential tests are available from sexual health clinics and often by post. Treatment is a short antibiotic course, often doxycycline, as prescribed. Partners need treatment. Avoid sex until you are advised it is safe. NHS notes that many people with chlamydia have no symptoms. Free confidential tests are available from NHS sexual health clinics and often by post. Treatment is a short antibiotic course, often doxycycline, as prescribed. Recent partners need testing and treatment so you are not reinfected. Untreated infection can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in people with a womb. Avoid sex until a clinician advises it is safe for you and your partners. How do I know if I have chlamydia? How is chlamydia treated on the NHS? Can chlamydia go away on its own? How long after treatment can I have sex? Does untreated chlamydia affect fertility? Can I get chlamydia from oral sex? Should I tell previous partners?"},{"t":"Cholesterol blood test","d":"A cholesterol (lipid) blood test measures LDL, HDL and triglycerides to assess heart and stroke risk — what the results mean and when statins are considered.","u":"/tests/cholesterol-blood-test/","s":"Test","x":"cholesterol blood test A cholesterol blood test measures fats in your blood to help assess heart disease and stroke risk. Many labs now accept a non-fasting sample. High LDL may lead to lifestyle changes and, after a QRISK assessment, sometimes a statin. Results are interpreted with your wider risk, not as a single number in isolation. A lipid profile usually reports total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides. LDL (\"bad\") cholesterol contributes to fatty build-up in arteries. HDL (\"good\") cholesterol is generally protective. The NHS Health Check includes cholesterol testing for many adults aged 40 to 74. Very high cholesterol from a young age may suggest familial hypercholesterolaemia. Do I need to fast before a cholesterol blood test? What is a healthy cholesterol level? Can diet alone lower cholesterol enough? What is familial hypercholesterolaemia? How often should cholesterol be checked?"},{"t":"Choosing contraception: what fits you?","d":"The best contraception depends on hormones, bleeding, medical history and how often you can remember it. Coils and implants do not need a daily pill.","u":"/treatments/choosing-contraception/","s":"Treatment","x":"choosing contraception The best contraception is the one you can use and that fits your health. Long-acting methods such as a coil or implant do not rely on remembering a daily pill. Combined hormonal methods are not suitable for everyone. Only condoms also reduce STI risk. A GP or sexual health clinic can help you choose. This page cannot prescribe. Long-acting methods such as a coil or implant work for years without a daily pill. Combined hormonal contraception is not suitable for everyone, including some people with migraine aura or clot risk. Only condoms also reduce the chance of sexually transmitted infections. Emergency contraception is a backup, not a regular method. A GP or sexual health clinic can check medical suitability across the UK. You can change method if the first one does not fit your life. What is the most effective reversible contraception? Which contraception is hormone-free? Does contraception cause weight gain? Will it stop me getting pregnant later? Do I still need condoms? How do I start contraception on the NHS? What if I keep missing pills?"},{"t":"Chronic kidney disease","d":"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — stages, causes, symptoms, slowing progression, and when dialysis or transplant is needed.","u":"/conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/","s":"Condition","x":"chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means kidneys gradually lose function over months or years — often caused by diabetes and high blood pressure. Early CKD has no symptoms — picked up on routine blood or urine tests. Stages 1 to 5 based on eGFR (kidney filtration rate) — stage 5 (eGFR under 15) may need dialysis or transplant. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, blood sugar, and protecting kidneys with ACE inhibitors or ARBs. See a GP if you have diabetes or hypertension for annual kidney checks — or if persistent foamy urine, swelling, or fatigue. About 1 in 10 adults in the UK have CKD — most early stage and managed in primary care. Diabetes and high blood pressure cause about two-thirds of CKD — both are largely preventable and treatable. eGFR and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) on two occasions diagnose and stage CKD. ACE inhibitors or ARBs slow progression in proteinuric CKD — monitor potassium and eGFR after starting. Stage 5 CKD (kidney failure) — options include haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or transplant. What are the symptoms of chronic kidney disease? What are the stages of CKD? How can I slow kidney disease progression? When do you need dialysis? Can you live a normal life with one kidney?"},{"t":"Citalopram","d":"Citalopram is an SSRI antidepressant for depression and anxiety disorders, with a lower maximum dose in older adults due to a heart rhythm risk.","u":"/treatments/citalopram/","s":"Treatment","x":"citalopram Citalopram is an SSRI antidepressant used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. The usual maximum dose is 40mg a day, reduced to 20mg in people over 65 or those on certain interacting medicines, because of a small risk of QT prolongation (an abnormal heart rhythm). It takes weeks to work and should be tapered off gradually, not stopped suddenly. Citalopram is an SSRI antidepressant used for depression and anxiety. The usual maximum dose is 40mg daily, lower in older adults. Higher doses need ECG monitoring for QT interval changes. Side effects are similar to those of other SSRIs. It should not be combined with MAOI antidepressants. Is citalopram better than sertraline? Why is the citalopram dose limited in older people? Does citalopram need heart monitoring? What happens if I stop citalopram suddenly?"},{"t":"Cluster headache","d":"Cluster headache — excruciating one-sided head pain in clusters, triggers, acute treatment with sumatriptan and oxygen, and preventive options.","u":"/conditions/cluster-headache/","s":"Condition","x":"cluster headache Cluster headache is a rare but extremely severe primary headache — intense pain around one eye, often with watering eye, blocked nose, and droopy eyelid on the same side. Attacks last 15 to 180 minutes and occur in clusters (weeks to months) often at the same time daily — especially during sleep. Much more common in men. Acute treatment — high-flow oxygen through mask and sumatriptan injection or nasal spray. Verapamil is main preventive. See a GP urgently for new severe one-sided headaches around the eye — neurology referral for diagnosis and specialist treatment. Cluster headache affects about 1 in 1,000 people — often misdiagnosed as migraine or sinus problem for years. Pain described as worst imaginable — sharp, burning, stabbing around eye — patients may pace or bang head unlike migraine where rest helps. Attacks strictly one-sided — autonomic features on same side — red eye, tearing, nasal congestion, ptosis. High-flow oxygen 12–15 L/min via non-rebreather mask aborts attack in many within 15 minutes. Not life-threatening but causes severe disability — specialist headache service improves management. What does a cluster headache attack feel like? How is cluster headache different from migraine? How do you treat a cluster headache attack? What prevents cluster headache attacks? Can cluster headache be cured?"},{"t":"Co-codamol","d":"Co-codamol combines paracetamol and codeine for short-term moderate pain — strengths, 4g paracetamol limit, constipation risk, and when to see a GP.","u":"/treatments/co-codamol/","s":"Treatment","x":"co codamol Co-codamol is paracetamol plus codeine for moderate pain when simpler painkillers are not enough. Use the shortest course possible. Never exceed 4g of paracetamol a day from all products combined. Codeine can cause constipation and dependence with prolonged use. Combines paracetamol 500 mg with codeine 8 mg, 15 mg or 30 mg. Higher codeine strengths are prescription-only. Total paracetamol from all medicines must stay at or below 4g in 24 hours for adults. Constipation and drowsiness are common codeine effects. Not for children under 12; usually avoided when breastfeeding. How long can I take co-codamol for? Can I take co-codamol with other paracetamol products? Is it safe to drive after co-codamol? Can I take co-codamol while breastfeeding? What is the difference between pharmacy and prescription co-codamol?"},{"t":"Codeine","d":"Codeine is a short-term opioid for moderate pain — how it works, constipation and dependence risks, and why it is restricted in children and breastfeeding.","u":"/treatments/codeine/","s":"Treatment","x":"codeine Codeine is an opioid converted in the body to morphine, used short-term for moderate pain. Effect varies between people. Constipation and drowsiness are common. It is not for children under 12, and is usually avoided when breastfeeding. Overdose can slow breathing — call 999 if this is suspected. Codeine is a weak opioid; the body converts it to morphine via the CYP2D6 enzyme. Poor metabolisers get little pain relief; ultra-rapid metabolisers face higher toxicity risk. Constipation, nausea and drowsiness are common. Dependence can develop with prolonged use — keep courses short. Not suitable for children under 12; restricted in under-18s after tonsil or adenoid surgery. Why does codeine not work for some people? Can I take codeine with other opioids or sleep medicines? What withdrawal symptoms can codeine cause? Is codeine still used for cough? Can I drive on codeine?"},{"t":"Coeliac disease","d":"A plain-English guide to coeliac disease — symptoms, diagnosis, and living gluten-free on the NHS in the UK.","u":"/conditions/coeliac-disease/","s":"Condition","x":"coeliac disease Coeliac disease is a lifelong condition where eating gluten damages the lining of the gut. Symptoms include bloating, diarrhoea, tiredness and weight loss, but some people have few or no obvious symptoms. Diagnosis involves blood tests and often a gut biopsy — do not start a gluten-free diet before testing. Coeliac disease affects about 1 in 100 people in the UK — many are undiagnosed. Gluten is found in wheat, barley and rye — not just obvious bread and pasta. A strict lifelong gluten-free diet is the only treatment. Untreated coeliac disease can cause anaemia, osteoporosis and other complications. Keep eating gluten until tests are complete — stopping early can give false results. What is the difference between coeliac disease and gluten intolerance? What foods contain gluten? How is coeliac disease diagnosed? What happens if coeliac disease is not treated? Are gluten-free foods available on prescription?"},{"t":"Cold sores","d":"Cold sores (herpes simplex on the lips) — triggers, treatment with aciclovir cream, when they are contagious, and difference from genital herpes.","u":"/conditions/cold-sores/","s":"Condition","x":"cold sores Cold sores are small blisters on or around the lips caused by herpes simplex virus (usually HSV-1) — tingling often precedes the blister. They heal in 7 to 10 days but the virus stays in the body and can recur. Highly contagious when blisters are present — avoid kissing and oral sex until healed. Antiviral cream started early shortens outbreaks; tablets for frequent recurrences. About 2 in 3 people in the UK carry HSV-1 — many never get cold sores. Tingling, burning, or itching (prodrome) before blisters is the best time to start antiviral cream. Cold sores are contagious until fully healed — virus spreads by direct contact. HSV-1 from cold sores can cause genital herpes via oral sex — not the same as \"safe\" because it's oral. Sun exposure, stress, illness, and periods can trigger recurrences. What causes cold sores? How do you get rid of a cold sore fast? Are cold sores contagious? Can cold sores spread to genitals? Why do I keep getting cold sores? Is there a vaccine for cold sores?"},{"t":"Cold, flu or COVID-19?","d":"Match the pattern of a winter virus and know when to call 999. Not a diagnosis.","u":"/health-tools/cold-flu-or-covid/","s":"Tool","x":"cold flu influenza covid coronavirus cough temperature aches"},{"t":"Colic","d":"Colic symptoms, ways to soothe a crying baby, treatments that do not help, and warning signs that crying may have another cause.","u":"/conditions/colic/","s":"Condition","x":"colic Colic describes frequent, prolonged crying in an otherwise healthy young baby, often in the afternoon or evening. It usually improves by 3 to 4 months. Feeding support, holding, gentle rocking and winding may help; anti-colic drops and spinal manipulation are not routinely recommended. Colic commonly begins in the first weeks of life and settles by 3 to 4 months. A baby's usual cry changing can be more important than the number of hours. It is reasonable to seek support if the crying is affecting your wellbeing. How do I know whether it is colic? Do anti-colic drops work? Can colic harm my baby?"},{"t":"Colonoscopy","d":"A colonoscopy is a test that uses a flexible camera to examine the whole colon, used after a positive FIT, for symptoms or surveillance, and to remove polyps.","u":"/tests/colonoscopy/","s":"Test","x":"colonoscopy A colonoscopy is a test that inspects the whole colon using a flexible camera, usually carried out under sedation. It requires bowel preparation with laxatives the day before. The test can remove polyps to help prevent cancer, and it is used after a positive FIT, for symptoms or for surveillance. Bowel preparation is essential to give clear views of the colon. Sedation is common, so you will need someone to escort you home. Polyps can be removed during the procedure, known as polypectomy. There is a small, rare risk of perforating the bowel. CT colonography is an alternative if a colonoscopy is unsuitable. Is the bowel preparation for a colonoscopy unpleasant? Does a colonoscopy hurt? What happens if a polyp is removed during a colonoscopy? What are the risks of a colonoscopy?"},{"t":"Common cold: symptoms and NHS help","d":"The common cold is viral, so antibiotics do not help. Use this UK guide to ease symptoms, tell a cold from flu or COVID-19, and know when to call 999.","u":"/conditions/common-cold/","s":"Condition","x":"common cold The common cold is a mild viral infection of the nose and throat. It usually causes a blocked or runny nose, sneezing, a sore throat and a cough. Most people feel better in 1 to 2 weeks. Antibiotics do not help. Start with a pharmacist. Call 999 for severe breathing difficulty or chest pain. Colds are caused by viruses, so antibiotics do not help. Most people feel better within 1 to 2 weeks. A cough can linger after other symptoms settle; see a GP if it lasts more than 3 weeks. A pharmacist is the usual first stop; call 999 for severe breathing difficulty or chest pain. Will antibiotics help a cold? How long does a cold last? Is it a cold, flu or COVID-19? What can I take for a cold? When should I see a GP for a cold? Can I still go to work with a cold? Do vitamin C, echinacea or garlic prevent colds? Does the flu vaccine stop colds?"},{"t":"Conjunctivitis: pharmacy, GP or 111?","d":"Red, watery or sticky eyes are often conjunctivitis. A pharmacist can often advise. Vision loss, severe pain, newborns and worsening contact-lens red eye need urgent help.","u":"/conditions/conjunctivitis/","s":"Condition","x":"conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the front of the eye, often called red or pink eye. It is usually infective or allergic and often settles in a couple of weeks. A pharmacist can often advise. Use 111 or a GP for vision loss, severe pain, a newborn, or worsening contact-lens red eye. Sudden vision loss is 999. Conjunctivitis makes the eye red, watery or sticky and is usually mild. Infective conjunctivitis spreads easily on hands and towels; allergic conjunctivitis does not. A pharmacist can often advise on cleaning the eyelids and on drops. Newborns with a red eye, severe pain, or reduced vision need prompt assessment. Contact-lens red eye that is getting worse is not a wait-and-see pharmacy day. Sudden vision loss is an eye emergency — call 999 or go to emergency eye care. Is conjunctivitis contagious? How do I treat it at home? How long does it last? When is a red eye serious? I wear contact lenses — what should I do? Can hay fever cause this? Does a baby with sticky eyes always need a GP?"},{"t":"Constipation — symptoms and causes","d":"Constipation is usually caused by low fibre, inactivity or medicines and often improves with diet changes; a new change in bowel habit over 50 needs a GP check.","u":"/symptoms/constipation-symptom/","s":"Symptom","x":"constipation symptom Constipation means passing stools less often than usual, or finding them hard or difficult to pass. Most cases improve with more fibre, plenty of fluids and regular activity. See a GP if your bowel habit suddenly changes, especially over the age of 50, or if there is blood in your stool. A diet low in fibre is one of the most common causes of constipation. Some medicines, including opioid painkillers, commonly cause constipation. Laxatives are generally safe to use for short periods. A bowel obstruction is a medical emergency that needs immediate hospital care. A new change in bowel habit after the age of 50 should be investigated. How often should I have a bowel movement? Which foods help relieve constipation? Can iron tablets cause constipation? When is constipation a sign of something serious?"},{"t":"Constipation: NHS self-help and red flags","d":"Most constipation improves with fibre, fluids and activity. A pharmacist can suggest short-term laxatives. Blood, weight loss or a lasting change in bowel habit needs a GP.","u":"/conditions/constipation/","s":"Condition","x":"constipation Constipation means stools that are hard, infrequent or difficult to pass. NHS first steps are more fibre, more fluid and more movement. A pharmacist can suggest a short course of laxatives if that is not enough. See a GP for blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, or a persistent change in bowel habit. Call 999 for sudden severe tummy pain with vomiting and no stool or wind. Constipation means pooing less often than is normal for you, or passing hard, painful stools. Fibre, fluids and activity are the NHS first steps, before laxatives. A pharmacist can suggest short-term laxatives; follow the pack, not a forum dose. Blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, or a lasting change in bowel habit needs a GP. A negative bowel cancer screening kit does not explain away new bowel symptoms. What counts as constipation? What should I try before a laxative? Can I get laxatives from a pharmacist? When is constipation a sign of something serious? Could it be IBS or haemorrhoids instead? Can medicines cause constipation? Does a negative bowel screening kit mean I can ignore constipation?"},{"t":"Contact dermatitis","d":"A plain-English guide to contact dermatitis — causes, treatment and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/contact-dermatitis/","s":"Condition","x":"contact dermatitis Contact dermatitis is a type of eczema caused by the skin coming into contact with something that irritates it or triggers an allergic reaction. It causes red, dry, itchy and sometimes blistered skin. It usually improves once the trigger is identified and avoided, alongside moisturisers and, if needed, steroid creams. Contact dermatitis is skin inflammation caused by contact with a trigger. Triggers can be irritants (like soaps) or allergens (like nickel or fragrances). It causes red, dry, itchy and sometimes blistered skin. It usually improves once the trigger is identified and avoided. What is the difference between irritant and allergic contact dermatitis? What commonly triggers contact dermatitis? How is contact dermatitis treated? How do I find out what is causing it?"},{"t":"Contraceptive coil (IUD and IUS)","d":"Copper and hormonal coils compared, effectiveness, fitting, bleeding changes, pain relief and warning signs after insertion.","u":"/treatments/contraceptive-coil/","s":"Treatment","x":"contraceptive coil A contraceptive coil is a small device placed in the womb. The copper IUD is hormone-free and can make periods heavier; the hormonal IUS often makes periods lighter. Both are over 99% effective, last for years and can be removed whenever pregnancy is wanted. The copper IUD can also be the most effective emergency contraception. Local anaesthetic and pain-relief options can be discussed before fitting. Check threads as advised and seek help if they feel different or cannot be found. How painful is coil fitting? Will a coil change my periods? How quickly does fertility return?"},{"t":"Contraceptive implant and injection","d":"Compare the implant and injection for effectiveness, bleeding, side effects, duration and return to fertility.","u":"/treatments/contraceptive-implant-and-injection/","s":"Treatment","x":"contraceptive implant and injection The implant is a small progestogen rod placed under the arm and is over 99% effective for up to 5 years. The contraceptive injection lasts 8 to 13 weeks depending on the product. Both can change bleeding; fertility usually returns quickly after implant removal but may take up to a year after stopping injections. Neither method protects against sexually transmitted infections. Irregular or absent bleeding is common with both methods. Some medicines and herbal remedies can affect contraceptive suitability or effectiveness. Which is more effective, implant or injection? Will periods stop? How soon can I get pregnant afterwards?"},{"t":"Contraceptive pill: combined or mini?","d":"Combined and progestogen-only pills work differently. A GP or clinic checks if the combined pill is suitable. Missed-pill rules are brand-specific.","u":"/treatments/contraceptive-pill/","s":"Treatment","x":"contraceptive pill The contraceptive pill is hormonal contraception taken daily. The combined pill contains oestrogen and progestogen; the progestogen-only pill contains progestogen only. A GP or sexual health clinic checks medical history and blood pressure before the combined pill. It does not protect against STIs. Missed-pill rules depend on the brand — do not guess. Combined and progestogen-only pills have different rules and different medical checks. A GP or clinic assesses blood pressure, migraine, clots and smoking before a combined pill. The pill does not protect against sexually transmitted infections. Missed-pill advice is brand-specific — use the NHS page, packet, or a pharmacist the same day. Combined pills slightly increase clot risk; sudden chest pain or a swollen leg is urgent. Fertility usually returns after you stop; the pill does not cause long-term infertility. What is the difference between the combined and mini pill? How effective is the pill? Who should not take the combined pill? What if I miss a pill? What side effects are common at the start? Does the pill protect against STIs? Can a pharmacist help with the pill?"},{"t":"COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)","d":"A plain-English guide to COPD — symptoms, causes, how it is managed and when to seek help.","u":"/conditions/copd/","s":"Condition","x":"copd COPD is a group of long-term lung conditions that make breathing difficult, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It causes breathlessness, a persistent cough and frequent chest infections. It is usually linked to smoking. There is no cure, but treatment and stopping smoking can slow it down and ease symptoms. COPD is a long-term condition that makes breathing increasingly difficult. The main symptoms are breathlessness, a lasting cough and frequent chest infections. Smoking is the most common cause. Stopping smoking and using prescribed treatments can slow its progress. What causes COPD? Can COPD be cured? What are the symptoms of COPD? How is COPD treated?"},{"t":"Cough: how long, GP or 999","d":"Most coughs are viral and settle in about 3 weeks. Coloured mucus does not automatically mean antibiotics. Call 999 for severe breathlessness, chest pain or blue lips. See a GP if a cough lasts over 3 weeks, or you have blood, weight loss or voice change.","u":"/symptoms/cough/","s":"Symptom","x":"cough Most coughs are viral and settle in about 3 weeks. Yellow or green mucus does not automatically mean you need antibiotics. Call 999 for severe breathlessness, chest pain, or lips or face turning blue. See a GP if a cough lasts more than 3 weeks, you cough up blood, you lose weight without trying, or your voice changes and stays changed. Most coughs are viral and usually settle within about 3 weeks. Yellow or green mucus does not automatically mean you need antibiotics. Call 999 for severe breathlessness, chest pain, or blue lips or face. See a GP if a cough lasts more than 3 weeks, or you have blood, unexplained weight loss, or a lasting voice change. A pharmacist can advise on self-care; follow the pack, not a forum dose. How long should a cough last? Does green or yellow mucus mean I need antibiotics? When should I call 999 for a cough? How can I ease a cough at home? Could my cough be asthma or COPD? When should I see a GP about a cough? Should I take leftover antibiotics for a cough?"},{"t":"Coughing up blood","d":"What blood in phlegm can mean, why even small streaks need checking, and when heavy bleeding or breathlessness needs 999.","u":"/symptoms/coughing-up-blood/","s":"Symptom","x":"coughing up blood Coughing up blood can appear as small streaks in phlegm from an infection or irritated airway, but it can also signal a blood clot, tuberculosis or cancer. Even a few spots or streaks should be assessed urgently. More than a few streaks, breathing difficulty, chest pain or a very fast heartbeat requires 999. Blood coughed from the lungs is different from a nosebleed or vomiting blood. Record roughly how much blood there is and associated symptoms. Smoking history, weight loss or repeated episodes increase concern. Can a chest infection cause blood-streaked phlegm? What tests might be needed? Could the blood be from my nose?"},{"t":"COVID-19 vaccine","d":"The COVID-19 vaccine reduces the risk of serious illness from coronavirus; NHS eligibility, booster timing and common side effects explained.","u":"/treatments/covid-19-vaccine/","s":"Treatment","x":"covid 19 vaccine COVID-19 vaccines reduce the risk of serious illness, hospitalisation and death from coronavirus. Eligibility for NHS boosters changes over time — typically offered to older adults, care home residents, and people with weakened immune systems. Most side effects are mild and last a day or two. COVID-19 vaccines remain the best protection against severe illness. NHS offers seasonal boosters to eligible groups — check current guidance. Cannot give you COVID-19 — vaccines do not contain live coronavirus. Common side effects — sore arm, tiredness, headache — usually resolve in 1 to 2 days. Vaccination is safe in pregnancy and recommended for pregnant women. Who can get a COVID-19 vaccine on the NHS? Can the COVID-19 vaccine give you COVID-19? How often do I need a COVID-19 booster? Is the COVID-19 vaccine safe in pregnancy? What are the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines?"},{"t":"COVID-19: stay home, 111 or 999?","d":"COVID-19 often feels like a cold or flu. Stay at home while you have a fever or feel too unwell. Severe breathing difficulty is 999. Check current NHS advice.","u":"/conditions/covid-19/","s":"Condition","x":"covid 19 COVID-19 often feels like a cold or flu. Stay at home while you have a fever or feel too unwell for normal activities. Follow current NHS COVID advice for testing — do not rely on old isolation-day rules. Use 111 if you are getting worse or at higher risk. Call 999 for severe breathlessness or sudden chest pain. COVID-19 often feels like a cold or flu — cough, sore throat, fever, tiredness. Stay at home while you have a high temperature or feel too unwell for normal activities. Follow current NHS COVID pages for testing and how long to avoid other people. Vaccination still reduces the risk of severe illness for people who are eligible. Severe breathing difficulty, sudden chest pain, or a non-blanching rash is 999. How long does COVID-19 last? Do I need to stay at home with COVID-19? Will antibiotics help COVID-19? How can I protect others in my household? Should children with COVID-19 stay off school? When is COVID-19 999?"},{"t":"Crohn's disease","d":"Crohn's disease explained — symptoms, flare-ups, diagnosis, NHS treatments including medicines and surgery, and living with inflammatory bowel disease.","u":"/conditions/crohns-disease/","s":"Condition","x":"crohns disease Crohn's disease is a lifelong inflammatory bowel disease causing inflammation anywhere from mouth to anus — most often the end of the small bowel and colon. Symptoms include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Flares alternate with remission. There is no cure but medicines and sometimes surgery control it. See a GP urgently for severe pain, blood in vomit, or signs of bowel obstruction. Crohn's affects about 1 in 350 people in the UK — often diagnosed aged 15 to 30. Inflammation can affect any part of the digestive tract in patches — skip lesions. Symptoms include chronic diarrhoea, cramping pain, weight loss, and mouth ulcers. Treatment aims for remission — aminosalicylates, steroids, immunosuppressants, biologics. Smoking worsens Crohn's — stopping is one of the most effective self-help measures. What is the difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis? What causes Crohn's disease? Is there a cure for Crohn's disease? What should I eat with Crohn's disease? Can stress cause a Crohn's flare?"},{"t":"Croup: home care, 111 or 999?","d":"Croup causes a barking cough in young children. Steam is not NHS-recommended. Call 999 if they are struggling to breathe or going blue or grey.","u":"/conditions/croup/","s":"Condition","x":"croup Croup causes a barking cough and sometimes noisy breathing in young children, often worse at night. Sit them upright, keep them calm, and offer fluids. Do not use steam. Call 111 or a GP if you think it is croup — they may need medicine. Call 999 if they struggle to breathe, go blue or grey, or will not wake. Croup mainly affects babies and young children and causes a barking cough. Symptoms often start after a cold and are worse at night. NHS advice is not to put a child in a steamy room or make them inhale steam. Mild croup often settles within about 48 hours; a clinician may give steroid medicine. Struggling to breathe, going blue or grey, or being floppy is a 999 call. What does croup sound like? What causes croup? How can I treat croup at home? Will my child need steroids for croup? Is steam good for croup? How is croup different from bronchiolitis or whooping cough?"},{"t":"CT scan","d":"A CT scan uses X-rays and a computer to build detailed cross-section images, helping doctors detect cancers, strokes, injuries and blood clots.","u":"/tests/ct-scan/","s":"Test","x":"ct scan A CT scan, or computed tomography scan, combines X-ray images taken from different angles to build detailed cross-sectional pictures of the body. It is used to detect cancers, strokes, injuries and blood clots, sometimes with an iodine contrast drink or injection. It uses more radiation than a plain X-ray, so it is only used when the benefit is clear. A CT scan produces detailed cross-sectional images of the body. It is used for emergency stroke and trauma assessment. Contrast dye can be used to enhance blood vessels and organs on the scan. A CT scan involves higher radiation exposure than a standard X-ray. Metal implants or jewellery may affect the image, so staff should be told beforehand. What is a CT scan with contrast? What happens if I am allergic to CT contrast dye? Can I have CT contrast if I have kidney disease? What is the difference between a CT scan and an MRI scan?"},{"t":"Cuts and grazes","d":"How to stop bleeding, clean and dress a minor cut, tetanus considerations, and when a wound needs urgent medical care.","u":"/conditions/cuts-and-grazes/","s":"Condition","x":"cuts and grazes Most small cuts and grazes can be treated by applying firm pressure, rinsing with clean running water and covering with a sterile dressing. Seek urgent care if bleeding will not stop, the wound is deep or gaping, something is embedded, sensation or movement is affected, or it came from a serious bite. Apply continuous pressure with a clean pad for about 10 minutes. Rinse with tap water; avoid getting antiseptic inside the wound. Check whether tetanus vaccination is up to date after dirty or puncture wounds. How do I stop a cut bleeding? Should I use antiseptic in a cut? When might I need a tetanus vaccine?"},{"t":"Cystic fibrosis","d":"Cystic fibrosis — inherited lung and digestive disease, newborn screening, daily treatments, and NHS specialist centre care.","u":"/conditions/cystic-fibrosis/","s":"Condition","x":"cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited condition causing thick sticky mucus — affecting lungs, pancreas, and other organs. Newborn heel prick screening in the UK detects most cases early. Daily treatment includes airway clearance physiotherapy, inhaled medicines, pancreatic enzyme capsules with meals, and high-calorie diet. CFTR modulator drugs (Kaftrio) transform life expectancy for many with eligible mutations. Specialist CF centres coordinate care from diagnosis through adulthood. See a GP if your child fails to thrive, has persistent chest infections, or salty skin — or if family history of CF with planning pregnancy (carrier testing). About 11,000 people in the UK have cystic fibrosis — median survival now mid-40s and rising with modulators. Caused by CFTR gene mutations — most common F508del — autosomal recessive inheritance. Lung disease is main cause of morbidity — chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa common. Pancreatic insufficiency — greasy stools, poor weight gain — treated with Creon enzyme replacement. Kaftrio (elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor) treats underlying defect in ~90% of UK patients with eligible mutations. What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis? How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed? What is daily treatment for cystic fibrosis? What are CFTR modulators? Can people with cystic fibrosis have children?"},{"t":"Decongestants","d":"Decongestants relieve a blocked nose by shrinking swollen nasal blood vessels; sprays should only be used short-term to avoid rebound congestion.","u":"/treatments/decongestants/","s":"Treatment","x":"decongestants Decongestants relieve a blocked nose by reducing swelling in the blood vessels of the nasal lining. They come as sprays, drops and tablets, and work well for short-term relief from colds, flu and sinusitis. Sprays should not be used for more than about a week, or congestion can rebound. Decongestants reduce swelling in the nose to relieve blockage. Decongestants are available as nasal sprays, drops and tablets from pharmacies. They are for short-term use — sprays no more than about a week. They do not suit everyone; check with a pharmacist. How do decongestants work? Why can't I use a decongestant spray for long? Who should avoid decongestants? What else helps a blocked nose?"},{"t":"Deep vein thrombosis","d":"Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) — leg blood clot symptoms, pulmonary embolism warning signs, diagnosis, and NHS anticoagulant treatment.","u":"/conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/","s":"Condition","x":"deep vein thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot in a deep leg vein — causing calf or thigh pain, swelling, warmth, and redness, often one leg only. Part of the clot can break off causing pulmonary embolism (PE) — chest pain and breathlessness — a medical emergency. Risk increases after surgery, immobility, pregnancy, and the combined pill. Treated with anticoagulants (DOACs or heparin/warfarin). Phone 999 if sudden breathlessness or chest pain with leg symptoms. DVT affects about 1 in 1,000 people yearly in UK — many related to hospital admission or immobility. Classic signs — unilateral swollen painful calf or leg — but DVT can be silent. Pulmonary embolism — clot in lung arteries — sudden breathlessness, pleuritic chest pain, collapse. Diagnosis — Wells score, D-dimer blood test, ultrasound scan of leg veins. Direct oral anticoagulants (apixaban, rivaroxaban) are standard outpatient treatment for many DVTs. What are the symptoms of a blood clot in the leg? What is pulmonary embolism? How is DVT diagnosed? How long do you take blood thinners for DVT? Can flying cause DVT? What increases DVT risk?"},{"t":"Dehydration","d":"Dehydration signs in adults, children and babies, how to replace fluids safely, and when reduced urine or drowsiness is urgent.","u":"/symptoms/dehydration/","s":"Symptom","x":"dehydration Dehydration means the body has lost more fluid than it has taken in. Thirst, dry mouth, dark urine, peeing less, dizziness and tiredness are common. Babies and young children may have fewer wet nappies, no tears or become unusually sleepy or irritable. Vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, heat and heavy exercise are common causes. Small frequent sips and oral rehydration solution may be easier to tolerate. Babies, older people and people with long-term illness can deteriorate faster. Is dark urine a sign of dehydration? Is water enough for dehydration? How can I tell if a baby is dehydrated?"},{"t":"Dementia","d":"Dementia — memory loss, early signs, types including Alzheimer's, diagnosis, and NHS support for patients and carers.","u":"/conditions/dementia/","s":"Condition","x":"dementia Dementia is a syndrome of progressive brain decline affecting memory, thinking, language, and daily function — not normal ageing. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause. Early signs include forgetting recent events, repeating questions, and struggling with familiar tasks. See a GP for assessment — many treatable conditions mimic dementia. No cure yet but treatments slow some types; support services help patients and carers plan ahead. Dementia affects about 900,000 people in the UK — numbers rising with ageing population. Memory loss alone is not dementia — must affect daily function and worsen over time. Depression, thyroid disease, B12 deficiency, and medication effects can mimic dementia — reversible if treated. Alzheimer's accounts for roughly 60 to 70% of cases — other types include vascular and Lewy body dementia. Lasting power of attorney and advance care planning important early after diagnosis while capacity remains. What are the early signs of dementia? Is memory loss normal with age? Can dementia be cured? What is the difference between Alzheimer's and dementia? How is dementia diagnosed? How can carers get support?"},{"t":"Dental abscess","d":"Dental abscess symptoms, how to get urgent dental care, temporary pain relief, and when facial swelling or breathing trouble is an emergency.","u":"/conditions/dental-abscess/","s":"Condition","x":"dental abscess A dental abscess is a collection of pus caused by infection in a tooth or gum. It needs urgent treatment by a dentist and will not resolve permanently on its own. Severe facial or neck swelling, difficulty breathing or swallowing, eye swelling or serious illness requires emergency help. A dentist treats the source, often by drainage, root-canal treatment or extraction. Antibiotics alone do not remove the infected tooth source. GP surgeries cannot provide dental treatment. Will a dental abscess go away by itself? Do I need antibiotics for a dental abscess? Can a GP treat a dental abscess?"},{"t":"Depression","d":"Depression is more than low mood — and treatment works. Spot the signs, what the NHS offers, and when to get urgent help. Reviewed by UK doctors.","u":"/conditions/depression/","s":"Condition","x":"depression Depression is more than feeling sad or fed up. It is a persistent low mood and loss of interest or pleasure that lasts for weeks or more and affects daily life. It is common and treatable, with support including talking therapies, lifestyle changes and, for some people, medication. Depression is a lasting low mood and loss of interest, not just sadness. It can affect sleep, appetite, energy and concentration. It is common and treatable — effective support is available. Talking therapies, lifestyle support and medication can all help. What are the signs of depression? How is depression different from feeling sad? What treatments are available? Does depression get better? How do I know if I'm depressed? How can I help someone with depression? What is it like living with someone who has depression? Can I get NHS treatment without a GP? Are antidepressants addictive? Is St John's wort a safe alternative?"},{"t":"Diabetic ketoacidosis","d":"Diabetic ketoacidosis warning signs, ketone testing, sick-day safety and when to call 999.","u":"/conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/","s":"Condition","x":"diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication caused by too little insulin. Symptoms include intense thirst, frequent urination, tummy pain, vomiting, deep breathing, fruity-smelling breath, drowsiness or confusion. It requires urgent hospital treatment. DKA is most common in type 1 diabetes but can occur in other situations. Illness, missed insulin or a new diagnosis can trigger it. Blood ketone results should be acted on using the person's diabetes sick-day plan. Can DKA be the first sign of diabetes? Should I stop insulin when I am not eating? How is DKA treated?"},{"t":"Diarrhoea: fluids, pharmacy or GP?","d":"Most diarrhoea is a short tummy bug. Replace fluids, stay off 48 hours after the last episode, and use 111 for blood, black stool or severe dehydration.","u":"/symptoms/diarrhoea/","s":"Symptom","x":"diarrhoea Diarrhoea is loose or watery poo more often than usual. Most cases are a short tummy bug and settle with fluids or pharmacy rehydration sachets. Stay off work or school until 48 hours after the last episode. Use 111 for blood, black stool, or diarrhoea lasting more than a week. Call 999 for severe dehydration or confusion. Most infectious diarrhoea improves within a few days with fluids. Stay off work or school until 48 hours after the last episode. Oral rehydration sachets from a pharmacy replace fluid and salts. Do not give anti-diarrhoea medicine to children under 12 unless a clinician says so. Blood, black stool, or severe dehydration is urgent — not a wait-and-see night. How long should diarrhoea last? Should I stop eating when I have diarrhoea? Can antibiotics cause diarrhoea? When is diarrhoea dangerous for children? Should I take anti-diarrhoea medicine? Do I need to stay off work with diarrhoea?"},{"t":"Diazepam","d":"Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used short-term for severe anxiety, muscle spasm and seizures, with dependence risk if used beyond a few weeks.","u":"/treatments/diazepam/","s":"Treatment","x":"diazepam Diazepam is a benzodiazepine medicine used short-term to relieve severe anxiety, muscle spasm and acute seizures. It causes drowsiness and can lead to dependence, so doctors prescribe the lowest dose for the shortest possible course. It should never be combined with alcohol, and you should not drive if it affects your alertness or coordination. Diazepam is a benzodiazepine that works as a sedative on the brain. Dependence can develop within weeks if it is taken daily. It has a long half-life, so it can build up in elderly people. Withdrawal symptoms can occur if it is stopped abruptly after prolonged use. It is not recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic anxiety. How long can I take diazepam for? Can I drive while taking diazepam? Can I drink alcohol while taking diazepam? What happens if I stop diazepam after taking it for a long time?"},{"t":"Difficulty swallowing","d":"Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) can be caused by reflux, stroke or oesophageal cancer; progressive symptoms or weight loss need urgent assessment.","u":"/symptoms/difficulty-swallowing/","s":"Symptom","x":"difficulty swallowing Dysphagia is difficulty moving food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach, and food may feel stuck in the chest. Persistent or progressive swallowing problems always need medical assessment. Call 999 if someone suddenly cannot swallow, is choking or is drooling, as this can put the airway at risk. Acid reflux is one of the most common causes of swallowing difficulty. A stroke can affect the muscles and nerves that control swallowing. Oesophageal cancer typically causes swallowing difficulty that gets steadily worse. Swallowing difficulty together with weight loss needs urgent assessment. Eating upright and chewing food well can make swallowing safer. What is dysphagia? Can acid reflux cause difficulty swallowing? When is difficulty swallowing an emergency? What tests are used for difficulty swallowing?"},{"t":"Digestion and gut health","d":"Guides to digestive conditions from heartburn and IBS to gallstones and coeliac disease — common gut symptoms, tests and treatments, and when to see a GP.","u":"/topics/digestion-and-gut/","s":"Topic","x":"acute pancreatitis appendicitis bowel cancer coeliac disease constipation crohns disease diverticulitis fatty liver disease food poisoning gallstones gastroenteritis haemorrhoids heartburn and acid reflux hepatitis hiatus hernia indigestion inguinal hernia irritable bowel syndrome lactose intolerance liver cirrhosis norovirus threadworms ulcerative colitis bloating blood in poo constipation symptom diarrhoea difficulty swallowing feeling sick heartburn symptom jaundice tummy pain antacids and reflux medicines laxatives omeprazole and ppis oral rehydration salts bowel cancer screening colonoscopy endoscopy liver function test"},{"t":"Diverticulitis","d":"Diverticulitis — inflamed pouches in the colon causing abdominal pain, fever, and treatment with antibiotics or surgery.","u":"/conditions/diverticulitis/","s":"Condition","x":"diverticulitis Diverticulitis is inflammation or infection of diverticula — small pouches that form in the colon wall, common over age 40. Symptoms include constant lower left abdominal pain, fever, and change in bowel habit. Mild cases treated with antibiotics at home; severe cases need hospital admission. High-fibre diet helps prevent diverticular disease. Seek urgent help for severe pain, vomiting, or inability to pass wind — possible perforation or abscess. Diverticulosis — having pouches — affects half of people over 60; most never cause problems. Diverticulitis — inflamed/infected pouches — pain usually left lower abdomen in Western countries. First episode often treated with antibiotics and clear fluids — hospital if unable to tolerate oral intake or sepsis signs. Complicated diverticulitis — abscess, perforation, fistula — may need drainage or surgery. Nuts and seeds do not cause diverticulitis — outdated advice; fibre is encouraged when well. What are the symptoms of diverticulitis? What causes diverticular disease? How is diverticulitis treated? Should I avoid nuts and seeds with diverticular disease? Does diverticulitis lead to colon cancer?"},{"t":"Dizziness","d":"Dizziness is usually caused by dehydration, standing up quickly, low blood sugar or an inner-ear problem; persistent or recurrent dizziness needs a GP check.","u":"/symptoms/dizziness/","s":"Symptom","x":"dizziness Dizziness is very common and usually has a simple cause — such as dehydration, standing up too quickly, low blood sugar or an inner-ear problem. Most episodes pass quickly. Dizziness that is persistent, recurrent or comes with other symptoms should be checked. Dehydration and standing up quickly can cause brief lightheadedness. Inner-ear problems can cause spinning sensations known as vertigo. Low blood sugar or missed meals can cause weak, shaky dizziness. Medicines and blood pressure changes are a common and fixable cause of dizziness. Why do I feel dizzy when I stand up? What is the difference between dizziness and vertigo? What helps when I feel dizzy? When is dizziness serious? What does it mean if I feel lightheaded or dizzy?"},{"t":"Dry eyes","d":"A plain-English guide to dry eyes — causes, self-care and treatments that help.","u":"/conditions/dry-eyes/","s":"Condition","x":"dry eyes Dry eyes happen when your eyes do not make enough tears, or the tears dry too quickly. They feel gritty, itchy, sore or watery, and are very common — especially with age, screen use and dry environments. Lubricating eye drops and simple habits usually bring relief. Dry eyes feel gritty, sore, itchy — and can paradoxically water. Common causes include age, screens, contact lenses and dry air. Lubricating eye drops from a pharmacy usually help. Regular screen breaks and a few habits make a real difference. Why do my dry eyes water so much? What causes dry eyes? What is the best treatment for dry eyes? How can I prevent dry eyes?"},{"t":"Dry mouth","d":"Dry mouth (xerostomia) is often caused by medicines, dehydration or mouth breathing; it raises the risk of tooth decay, and persistent cases need a GP review.","u":"/symptoms/dry-mouth/","s":"Symptom","x":"dry mouth Dry mouth (xerostomia) is often caused by dehydration, mouth breathing, or medicines such as antihistamines and antidepressants. Sipping water and sugar-free gum can help. Persistent dry mouth increases tooth decay risk and may need a GP review to adjust medicines or test for underlying conditions. Many common medicines reduce saliva production and can cause dry mouth. Dehydration and breathing through your mouth while sleeping are frequent causes. Dry mouth raises risk of tooth decay and oral thrush. Sjögren's syndrome and diabetes can cause chronic dry mouth. Sipping water regularly and good dental hygiene are important. Which medicines cause dry mouth? Can anxiety cause dry mouth? Why does dry mouth increase cavities? What is Sjögren's syndrome?"},{"t":"Ear infection: pharmacy, GP or 111?","d":"Most ear infections settle in about three days. Pharmacy First can assess some earache. Babies, discharge, or swelling around the ear need a GP, 111 or 999.","u":"/conditions/ear-infection/","s":"Condition","x":"ear infection Most ear infections get better within about three days with pharmacy pain relief. Antibiotics are not always needed. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some earache — ask, because eligibility applies. Use a GP or 111 for babies, discharge, or pain lasting more than three days. Call 999 for swelling around the ear with fever, or sudden severe dizziness with vomiting. Most ear infections get better within about three days. Antibiotics are not always needed — many middle-ear infections are viral. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some earache; eligibility applies, so ask. Do not put cotton buds, oil or objects in the ear unless a clinician advises. Swelling around the ear with fever, or sudden severe dizziness with vomiting, is urgent. What are the signs of an ear infection in a baby? Can a pharmacist treat an ear infection in England? Do ear infections always need antibiotics? What is the difference between outer and middle ear infection? Can an ear infection cause hearing loss? How can I ease earache at home?"},{"t":"Earache: pharmacy, GP or 111?","d":"Most earache settles in a few days with pain relief. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some cases. Discharge, babies, or swelling around the ear need 111 or 999.","u":"/symptoms/earache/","s":"Symptom","x":"earache Earache is common and often follows a cold. Most cases improve in a few days with pharmacy pain relief. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some earache — ask, because eligibility applies. Use a GP or 111 if pain lasts more than a few days or fluid leaks. Call 999 for swelling around the ear with fever. Most earache in children is from a middle-ear infection after a cold. Earwax, a sore throat, teething or flying can hurt the ear without infection. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some earache; eligibility applies, so ask. Do not put cotton buds, oil or objects in the ear unless a clinician advises. Swelling around the ear with fever, or sudden severe dizziness with vomiting, is urgent. How do I know if my baby has earache? Does earache always mean an ear infection? Can a pharmacist treat earache in England? How can I relieve earache at home? Do I need antibiotics for earache? Can I fly with earache?"},{"t":"Earwax build-up","d":"A plain-English guide to earwax build-up — safe ways to deal with it and what to avoid.","u":"/conditions/earwax-build-up/","s":"Condition","x":"earwax build up Earwax is normal and protective, but a build-up can block the ear, causing dulled hearing, fullness or earache. Olive oil or sodium bicarbonate drops over a few days to weeks often soften and clear it. Never use cotton buds or ear candles — they make things worse. Earwax is normal — problems only arise when it builds up and blocks the ear. A blocked ear can cause dulled hearing, fullness, earache or tinnitus. Softening drops (such as olive oil) over days to weeks often clear it. Never push anything into the ear — cotton buds compact the wax. How do I remove earwax safely at home? Why shouldn't I use cotton buds? Do ear candles work? What if drops don't clear the blockage?"},{"t":"Eating disorders","d":"Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder — symptoms, health risks, and NHS treatment including talking therapies and specialist services.","u":"/conditions/eating-disorders/","s":"Condition","x":"eating disorders Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions involving disturbed eating behaviours and distress about weight or shape — including anorexia (severe restriction), bulimia (binge-purge cycles), and binge eating disorder. They affect all ages and genders — not a choice or vanity. Physical complications include heart problems, osteoporosis, and electrolyte imbalance — can be fatal. GP referral to specialist eating disorder services — early treatment improves recovery. Seek urgent help for collapse, chest pain, or suicidal thoughts. About 1.25 million people in the UK have an eating disorder — many undiagnosed. Anorexia has the highest mortality of any psychiatric disorder — medical monitoring essential. Bulimia involves binge eating followed by compensatory vomiting, laxatives, or excessive exercise. Boys and men, LGBTQ+ people, and athletes also affected — not only teenage girls. Full recovery possible with specialist treatment — early intervention improves outcomes. What are the signs of anorexia nervosa? What is bulimia nervosa? How are eating disorders treated on the NHS? Can you recover from an eating disorder? What physical complications can eating disorders cause?"},{"t":"ECG (electrocardiogram)","d":"An ECG is a painless test that records your heart's rhythm and electrical activity using sticky pads, helping detect arrhythmias and heart attacks.","u":"/tests/ecg/","s":"Test","x":"ecg An ECG, or electrocardiogram, is a test that records your heart's rhythm and electrical activity using sticky pads on the chest, arms and legs, taking only a few minutes. It can detect arrhythmias, heart attacks, and problems with the heart's electrical conduction. The test is painless and can be done at a GP surgery, in hospital, or in an ambulance. A standard resting ECG uses 12 leads to record the heart's activity. An ECG can detect atrial fibrillation and other abnormal heart rhythms. Changes in the ST segment can indicate a heart attack. A normal ECG does not rule out all forms of heart disease. A Holter monitor records the heart's rhythm continuously over 24 to 72 hours. How do I prepare for an ECG? Can I have palpitations with a normal ECG result? What is an exercise ECG? What happens if my ECG result is abnormal?"},{"t":"Ectopic pregnancy","d":"Ectopic pregnancy symptoms, including one-sided pain and bleeding, when to call NHS 111, and the rupture signs that need 999.","u":"/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/","s":"Condition","x":"ectopic pregnancy An ectopic pregnancy develops outside the womb, usually in a fallopian tube. Symptoms often appear between weeks 4 and 12 and can include one-sided lower tummy pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder-tip pain or discomfort when using the toilet. Sudden severe pain, dizziness or fainting may mean rupture and requires 999. Symptoms can occur even without a positive pregnancy test. One-sided pain and unusual bleeding should be assessed urgently. A ruptured ectopic pregnancy can cause life-threatening internal bleeding. Can an ectopic pregnancy test negative? Where is ectopic pregnancy pain felt? How is an ectopic pregnancy diagnosed?"},{"t":"Eczema: flares, treatment and NHS help","d":"Atopic eczema is dry, itchy skin that flares. Use this UK guide for emollients, steroid creams as directed, infection warning signs, and how it looks on darker skin.","u":"/conditions/eczema/","s":"Condition","x":"eczema Atopic eczema makes skin dry, itchy and inflamed in flares. There is no cure, but emollients used even when the skin looks clear, plus topical steroids for flares as directed, usually keep it manageable. Weeping, crusting or fever needs a GP. On darker skin, patches may look purple or grey rather than red. Atopic eczema is a long-term itchy skin condition that flares and settles; it is not contagious. Emollients (medical moisturisers) are the foundation and should continue even when the skin looks clear. Topical steroids are for flares, used as a GP or pharmacist directs — not as everyday moisturiser. Weeping, crusting, pus, spreading pain or fever needs prompt GP or 111 advice. What causes atopic eczema? Should I moisturise when the skin looks clear? Are steroid creams safe for eczema? How does eczema look on darker skin? When is eczema infected? Is eczema the same as contact dermatitis? Should I change my diet to treat eczema? Can I catch eczema from someone else?"},{"t":"Emergency contraception: IUD or pill?","d":"After unprotected sex, a copper IUD is the most effective option up to 5 days. Emergency pills have shorter windows. Get advice the same day.","u":"/treatments/emergency-contraception/","s":"Treatment","x":"emergency contraception Emergency contraception reduces the chance of pregnancy after unprotected sex. The copper IUD is the most effective option up to 5 days after sex. Levonorgestrel can be used up to 72 hours, and ulipristal (ellaOne) up to 120 hours. Take or fit it as soon as possible. It is not an abortion and does not protect against STIs. The copper IUD is the most effective emergency method and can be fitted up to 5 days after sex. Levonorgestrel emergency pills can be used up to 72 hours after sex. Ulipristal (ellaOne) can be used up to 120 hours after sex. Take or fit emergency contraception as soon as possible — sooner is better. It is not an abortion and will not end an established pregnancy. It does not protect against STIs; HIV PEP is a separate 72-hour emergency. Which emergency option is most effective? Where can I get it today? Does emergency contraception cause an abortion? Will it affect my regular pill or implant? Does it protect against STIs or HIV? What if I am sick after the pill? Can I use emergency contraception more than once?"},{"t":"Endometriosis","d":"A plain-English guide to endometriosis — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and getting help in the UK.","u":"/conditions/endometriosis/","s":"Condition","x":"endometriosis Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the womb lining grows elsewhere in the body, often causing severe period pain, pain during sex and fertility problems. Diagnosis takes an average of 8 years in the UK — too long. See a GP if period pain stops you living normally, or pain occurs during sex or when opening bowels. Affects about 1 in 10 women of reproductive age — often undiagnosed for years. Tissue similar to womb lining grows outside the uterus — commonly on ovaries and pelvis. Severe period pain that limits daily life is a key symptom — not \"normal\". Diagnosis may require laparoscopy (keyhole surgery) — ultrasound can suggest but not always confirm. Treatments include pain relief, hormones, and surgery — tailored to symptoms and fertility plans. What are the symptoms of endometriosis? How is endometriosis diagnosed? Can endometriosis cause infertility? How is endometriosis treated? Is endometriosis the same as adenomyosis?"},{"t":"Endoscopy (gastroscopy)","d":"An endoscopy, or gastroscopy, uses a flexible camera to examine the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum, detecting ulcers, coeliac disease and cancer.","u":"/tests/endoscopy/","s":"Test","x":"endoscopy An endoscopy, also called a gastroscopy, is a test in which a flexible camera is passed down the throat under local anaesthetic or sedation to examine the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. It can detect reflux damage, ulcers, coeliac disease and cancer. It is usually carried out as a day case procedure, meaning you can go home the same day. Fasting beforehand is required, so it is important to follow the instructions given. Sedation is optional, but you cannot drive for the rest of the day if you have it. Biopsies are taken during the procedure if needed, and this is painless. A sore throat is common for a short time afterwards. Suspected cancer cases are referred through the two-week wait pathway. Is a gastroscopy painful? How long do I need to fast before a gastroscopy? What should I expect after sedation for an endoscopy? What conditions can an endoscopy find?"},{"t":"Enlarged prostate","d":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — urinary symptoms in men, when to see a GP, and NHS treatments including medicines and surgery.","u":"/conditions/enlarged-prostate/","s":"Condition","x":"enlarged prostate An enlarged prostate (BPH) is common in men over 50 — the prostate gland grows and presses on the urethra, causing weak stream, hesitancy, frequency, and needing to urinate at night. Not cancer but symptoms overlap — PSA and examination may be needed. Treatments include lifestyle changes, tamsulosin, finasteride, or surgery (TURP). See a GP for urinary symptoms — same-day if unable to urinate at all (retention). BPH affects most men eventually — about half over 50 have urinary symptoms. Symptoms — poor stream, straining, dribbling, frequency, nocturia (night urination), urgency. BPH is benign — not prostate cancer — but both can coexist; PSA and examination assess risk. Alpha-blockers (tamsulosin) relax prostate smooth muscle — improve flow within days. Acute urinary retention — sudden inability to pass urine — needs A&E catheter immediately. What are the symptoms of an enlarged prostate? Is an enlarged prostate cancer? What medicines treat enlarged prostate? When is prostate surgery needed? Can an enlarged prostate cause erectile dysfunction? What is PSA testing?"},{"t":"Epilepsy","d":"Epilepsy and seizures — types, triggers, diagnosis, NHS anti-seizure medicines, and when to call 999.","u":"/conditions/epilepsy/","s":"Condition","x":"epilepsy Epilepsy is tendency to have recurrent unprovoked seizures — sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain causing convulsions, staring spells, or unusual sensations. One seizure does not always mean epilepsy — diagnosis usually requires two or more. Anti-seizure medicines control seizures in about 70% of people. Phone 999 for seizure lasting over 5 minutes, repeated seizures, or first seizure with injury or pregnancy. Epilepsy affects about 1 in 100 people in the UK — can start at any age. Seizures may be convulsive (tonic-clonic) or non-convulsive — absence seizures cause brief staring in children. First seizure needs medical assessment — not all are epilepsy (fever, alcohol withdrawal, low sugar). Driving rules apply — must notify DVLA after unprovoked seizure — usually stop driving for 6 months. Status epilepticus — seizure over 5 minutes — medical emergency. What causes epilepsy? What are the signs of a seizure? How is epilepsy diagnosed? Can epilepsy be cured? What should you do if someone has a seizure? Can you drive with epilepsy?"},{"t":"Erectile dysfunction","d":"Erectile dysfunction is common and usually treatable — and can flag heart health issues. What works, and when to see a GP. Reviewed by UK doctors.","u":"/conditions/erectile-dysfunction/","s":"Condition","x":"erectile dysfunction Erectile dysfunction means difficulty getting or keeping an erection firm enough for sex — common and often treatable. Physical causes include blood flow problems, diabetes, and nerve damage; psychological factors also play a role. ED can be an early sign of cardiovascular disease. NHS treatments include lifestyle changes and PDE5 inhibitors (sildenafil/Viagra, tadalafil/Cialis). Always see a GP for new ED — especially if sudden or with other symptoms. ED affects an estimated half of men aged 40 to 70 to some degree — many do not seek help. Same blood vessel disease causes both heart attacks and ED — ED can precede cardiac events by years. Sildenafil and tadalafil work for about 70 to 80% of men when ED has a physical component. ED with sudden onset, loss of morning erections, or associated symptoms needs GP assessment. Never take PDE5 inhibitors with nitrates (GTN spray) — dangerous blood pressure drop. What causes erectile dysfunction? Is erectile dysfunction normal with age? Can Viagra cure erectile dysfunction permanently? How do I get Viagra on the NHS? What is the difference between Viagra and Cialis? Can diabetes cause erectile dysfunction? Does masturbation cause erectile dysfunction? When is erectile dysfunction a sign of heart disease? Are there natural remedies for ED? Can you drink alcohol with Viagra or Cialis? How often can you take Viagra?"},{"t":"Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)","d":"Why you sweat so much — everyday causes, hyperhidrosis, treatments that actually help, and the warning signs that mean sweating needs a GP check.","u":"/symptoms/excessive-sweating/","s":"Symptom","x":"excessive sweating Sweating heavily is often normal — heat, exercise, stress, spicy food, caffeine and being overweight all play a part, and some people simply sweat more. Antiperspirant (not deodorant), loose clothing and avoiding triggers help. See your GP if sweating soaks your clothes or bedding at night, starts suddenly, or comes with weight loss, fever or palpitations, as these need checking. Heavy sweating is usually normal — driven by heat, exercise, stress, caffeine, spicy food and body weight. Hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating without an obvious trigger — common, treatable, and often hereditary. Antiperspirants containing aluminium chloride work better than deodorants — apply at night to dry skin. Pharmacists can advise on stronger antiperspirants; GPs can prescribe treatments or refer for iontophoresis or botulinum toxin. Sweating that starts suddenly, drenches bedding at night, or comes with weight loss, fever or palpitations needs a GP check. What is hyperhidrosis? How can I stop sweating so much? Why do I sweat so much at night?"},{"t":"Eye health","d":"How to look after your eyes — regular eye tests, protecting your sight, and spotting problems early, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.","u":"/conditions/eye-health/","s":"Condition","x":"eye health Looking after your eyes means having regular sight tests, protecting your eyes from the sun and injury, eating well, not smoking, and getting any sudden change in your vision checked quickly. Many eye conditions can be treated or slowed if they are found early, so a routine eye test every two years is one of the most useful things you can do for your sight. Most adults should have an eye test at least every 2 years. Many serious eye conditions have no early symptoms — tests find them. Smoking, strong sunlight and uncontrolled diabetes all harm the eyes. Sudden vision changes, eye pain, or flashes and floaters need urgent checks. How often should I have an eye test? Are eye tests free on the NHS? Can screens damage my eyes? Do vitamins improve eye health?"},{"t":"Eye twitching","d":"Why your eye keeps twitching — the everyday triggers behind eyelid twitches, how to stop them, and the rare signs that need a GP or optician.","u":"/symptoms/eye-twitching/","s":"Symptom","x":"eye twitching Eye twitching is almost always harmless and is triggered by tiredness, stress, caffeine, alcohol or long screen sessions. It usually stops on its own within days. Rest your eyes, cut caffeine and get more sleep. See a GP or optician if twitching lasts more than two weeks, your eye closes fully with each twitch, or you also have facial weakness or a drooping eyelid. Eyelid twitching (myokymia) is very common and almost always harmless. Usual triggers — tiredness, stress, caffeine, alcohol and long screen sessions. Most twitches stop on their own within a few days. See a GP or optician if a twitch lasts more than two weeks or the eye closes fully with each spasm. Twitching with facial weakness, drooping or double vision needs prompt medical review. How do I stop my eye twitching? Can screens cause eye twitching? What if my eye has been twitching for weeks?"},{"t":"Fainting","d":"Fainting (syncope) is a brief loss of consciousness caused by reduced blood flow to the brain — most faints are vasovagal and harmless, but some need checks.","u":"/symptoms/fainting/","s":"Symptom","x":"fainting Fainting (syncope) is a brief loss of consciousness caused by a temporary drop in blood flow to the brain. Most faints are vasovagal and people recover quickly after lying flat. See a GP after an unexplained faint or repeated episodes, and collapse during exercise always needs medical assessment. Vasovagal faints are the most common type and are usually harmless. Dehydration often contributes to fainting, so drinking enough fluids helps prevent it. Faints caused by a heart rhythm problem (arrhythmia) can be dangerous. If someone faints, lay them flat and raise their legs. If you faint during pregnancy, tell your midwife. What first aid should I give someone who has fainted? What triggers a vasovagal faint? How do I know if fainting is heart-related? Can low blood pressure cause fainting?"},{"t":"Fasting before a blood test","d":"Which blood tests may require fasting, whether water and medicines are allowed, and why the test provider's instructions take priority.","u":"/tests/fasting-before-blood-tests/","s":"Test","x":"fasting before blood tests Most blood tests do not require fasting. When fasting is requested, it often means no food and only plain water for a specified number of hours. Ask the arranging clinician about medicines before fasting. If you use insulin or other diabetes medicines, get an individual plan rather than following generic fasting instructions. Follow the instructions from the service that ordered the test. Plain water is usually encouraged unless specifically restricted. Never change insulin or other medicine without an agreed plan. Can I drink water while fasting? Can I take my morning medicines? Does a cholesterol test require fasting?"},{"t":"Fatty liver disease","d":"Non-alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — causes, links to obesity and diabetes, diagnosis, and preventing progression to cirrhosis.","u":"/conditions/fatty-liver-disease/","s":"Condition","x":"fatty liver disease Fatty liver disease means excess fat stored in liver cells — usually linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome rather than alcohol. Most people have no symptoms — found on blood tests or scans. Weight loss of 5 to 10% is the main treatment. A small proportion progresses to inflammation (NASH) and cirrhosis. See a GP if liver blood tests are abnormal — exclude alcohol and other causes. NAFLD affects up to 1 in 3 adults in the UK — often with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Most have simple steatosis (fat only) — benign; NASH (inflammation) can scar the liver. Weight loss, exercise, and controlling diabetes reduce liver fat — no specific licensed pill for all NAFLD yet. Alcohol can coexist — even moderate drinking worsens fatty liver; be honest with GP. Advanced cirrhosis causes jaundice, ascites, and liver failure — preventable with early lifestyle change. What causes a fatty liver? Can fatty liver be reversed? What are the symptoms of fatty liver disease? Is fatty liver dangerous? What should I eat for fatty liver? Do I need a liver biopsy?"},{"t":"Feeling sick (nausea)","d":"Feeling sick (nausea) is usually short-lived, caused by stomach bugs, motion sickness, anxiety, pregnancy or medicines — see a GP if it lasts days.","u":"/symptoms/feeling-sick/","s":"Symptom","x":"feeling sick Feeling sick (nausea) is very common and usually short-lived — caused by things like stomach bugs, food, motion sickness, anxiety or pregnancy. It often settles with rest, fluids and plain food. Persistent or unexplained nausea, or nausea with warning signs, should be checked. Stomach bugs and food are the most common short-term causes of nausea. Motion sickness, anxiety and migraines are frequent triggers of feeling sick. Nausea is common in pregnancy, especially in the early months. Medicines are a frequent and often fixable cause of ongoing nausea. How can I stop feeling sick? What causes nausea without vomiting? When is nausea a sign of something serious? Could it be a medicine making me feel sick?"},{"t":"Fever in children: when to get help","d":"A fever in children is 38°C or higher. Most settle in a few days. Any fever in a baby under 3 months needs prompt assessment — and a non-blanching rash is 999.","u":"/symptoms/fever-in-children/","s":"Symptom","x":"fever in children A fever in children is a temperature of 38°C or higher. It usually means the body is fighting an infection. How your child looks and behaves matters more than the number. Call 999 for a non-blanching rash, severe breathing difficulty, or a child who is unresponsive. Any fever in a baby under 3 months needs urgent medical assessment. A fever is 38°C or higher on a digital thermometer. How the child looks — alert versus floppy — matters more than the exact reading. Any fever of 38°C or higher in a baby under 3 months needs prompt medical assessment. A rash that does not fade when a glass is rolled over it is a 999 call. Follow the pack for paracetamol or ibuprofen — this page does not give milligram doses. What temperature counts as a fever in a child? Should I wake my child to give fever medicine? Can I give paracetamol and ibuprofen together? Does a high fever cause brain damage? Is 111 the same for children in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland?"},{"t":"Fexofenadine","d":"Fexofenadine is a non-drowsy antihistamine for hay fever and hives — dosing tips, why fruit juice reduces absorption, and when to see a GP.","u":"/treatments/fexofenadine/","s":"Treatment","x":"fexofenadine Fexofenadine is a non-drowsy antihistamine that blocks histamine to ease hay fever and hives (urticaria). Take it with water — fruit juice can reduce absorption. It causes less sedation than older antihistamines, but check how it affects you before driving. See a GP if symptoms stay uncontrolled. Second-generation antihistamine used for hay fever and chronic hives. Usually taken once daily — doses for hives are often higher than for hay fever. Less sedating than older antihistamines such as chlorphenamine. Avoid grapefruit, orange or apple juice close to a dose. Discuss use in pregnancy with a GP or pharmacist — loratadine is sometimes preferred. Is fexofenadine better than cetirizine or loratadine? Why should I avoid fruit juice with fexofenadine? Should I take fexofenadine every day in pollen season? Can I take fexofenadine in pregnancy or while breastfeeding? Can children take fexofenadine?"},{"t":"Fibroids","d":"Fibroid symptoms including heavy periods and pelvic pressure, how they are diagnosed, and treatment choices.","u":"/conditions/uterine-fibroids/","s":"Condition","x":"uterine fibroids Fibroids are non-cancerous growths in or around the womb. Many cause no symptoms; others cause heavy or painful periods, pelvic pressure, frequent urination, constipation or fertility problems. Treatment is only needed when symptoms affect health or daily life. Fibroids are benign and often shrink after menopause. Heavy bleeding can lead to iron-deficiency anaemia. Medicines, procedures and surgery are selected around symptoms and fertility plans. Can fibroids turn into cancer? Do fibroids affect fertility? Do all fibroids need treatment?"},{"t":"Fibromyalgia","d":"Fibromyalgia — widespread pain, fatigue, and brain fog explained: diagnosis, NHS treatments, and distinguishing from other conditions.","u":"/conditions/fibromyalgia/","s":"Condition","x":"fibromyalgia Fibromyalgia causes widespread musculoskeletal pain, extreme fatigue, unrefreshing sleep, and cognitive difficulties (\"fibro fog\") — often alongside headaches and irritable bowel symptoms. Diagnosis is clinical — no single blood test — after excluding other conditions. Treatment combines exercise, psychological support, and medicines like amitriptyline or duloxetine for pain and sleep. See a GP if pain is widespread on both sides of the body for 3+ months. Fibromyalgia affects roughly 1 in 20 people — mainly women, often diagnosed aged 30 to 50. Pain is widespread above and below the waist, on both left and right sides, for at least 3 months. Normal blood tests — diagnosis excludes thyroid disease, anaemia, inflammatory arthritis, and vitamin D deficiency. Graded exercise and CBT have the strongest evidence — not bed rest. Often overlaps with IBS, migraine, anxiety, and chronic fatigue presentations. What are the symptoms of fibromyalgia? What causes fibromyalgia? Is there a test for fibromyalgia? What helps fibromyalgia pain? Is fibromyalgia the same as chronic fatigue syndrome?"},{"t":"Fit notes and sick leave: UK rules","d":"When a UK fit note is needed, self-certification for the first 7 calendar days, who can issue one, and what 'may be fit' means.","u":"/guides/fit-notes/","s":"Guide","x":"fit notes For the first 7 calendar days of sickness, employees usually self-certify and do not need a fit note. From day 8, an eligible healthcare professional can issue a fit note if health affects fitness for work. A note may say 'not fit' or 'may be fit' with adjustments. The 7 days include weekends and non-working days. Fit notes can be issued digitally after an appropriate assessment. Employers cannot require an NHS fit note for the first 7 calendar days. Can a fit note be backdated? Who can issue a fit note? What does 'may be fit for work' mean? Do I need a fit note for the first week? Can I go back to work before the note ends? What if I am self-employed? Will the note list my diagnosis?"},{"t":"Flu vaccine","d":"The flu vaccine is an annual jab that reduces your risk of flu and its complications, offered free on the NHS each autumn to people at higher risk.","u":"/treatments/flu-vaccine/","s":"Treatment","x":"flu vaccine The flu vaccine is an annual vaccination that reduces your risk of catching flu and its serious complications. In the UK it is offered free on the NHS each autumn to people at higher risk, including over 65s, pregnant women, and those with long-term conditions, while others can pay for it at a pharmacy. Flu vaccines are updated each year to match circulating strains. Offered free on the NHS to at-risk groups from autumn onwards. Cannot give you flu — the injected vaccine contains inactivated virus. Reduces hospital admissions and deaths, especially in older adults. Children aged 2 to 3 and school-age children receive nasal spray vaccine. Who gets the flu vaccine free on the NHS? Can the flu vaccine give you flu? When should I have the flu vaccine? What are the side effects of the flu vaccine? Does the flu vaccine work every year?"},{"t":"Flu: symptoms, vaccine and NHS help","d":"Flu comes on fast with fever, aches and exhaustion. Learn how it differs from a cold or COVID-19, who needs the vaccine, and when to call 999.","u":"/conditions/flu/","s":"Condition","x":"flu Flu is a viral infection that usually comes on suddenly with a high temperature, muscle aches and exhaustion. Most people recover in about a week with rest and fluids. Antibiotics do not help. The annual vaccine reduces risk for people who are offered it. Call 999 for severe breathing difficulty, chest pain or confusion. Flu usually comes on suddenly and makes you too exhausted for normal life. It is viral, so antibiotics do not treat it. Most people improve in about a week; a cough can linger. The annual flu vaccine is the main prevention for people who are eligible. What is the difference between flu and a cold? How long does flu last? Do antibiotics treat flu? Should I get the flu vaccine? Is it flu or COVID-19? Can I take paracetamol and ibuprofen? Who is more likely to become seriously unwell?"},{"t":"Fluoxetine","d":"Fluoxetine (Prozac) is a long-acting SSRI antidepressant used for depression, bulimia and some anxiety disorders, with a slower withdrawal profile.","u":"/treatments/fluoxetine/","s":"Treatment","x":"fluoxetine Fluoxetine is a long half-life SSRI antidepressant used to treat depression, bulimia and some anxiety disorders. Its activating effect may suit people with low energy, though this can also cause insomnia. Because it clears from the body slowly, withdrawal symptoms tend to be less abrupt, but you should still taper it under GP guidance. Fluoxetine has a long half-life, so missed doses are less critical than with other SSRIs. It has an activating effect and may cause insomnia in some people. It is used as a treatment for bulimia nervosa. It interacts with other medicines through the CYP450 liver enzyme system. It should be used with caution in people with bipolar disorder, as it can trigger mania. Should I take fluoxetine in the morning or evening? Is fluoxetine easier to stop than other antidepressants? Is fluoxetine safe to take during pregnancy? Can I take fluoxetine with tamoxifen?"},{"t":"Food allergy","d":"Food allergy — common triggers, symptoms from mild to anaphylaxis, NHS diagnosis, management including avoidance and adrenaline auto-injectors.","u":"/conditions/food-allergy/","s":"Condition","x":"food allergy A food allergy is when the immune system reacts to a specific food protein, causing symptoms ranging from mild itching and hives to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Common triggers in the UK include peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, wheat, fish, shellfish, sesame, and soy. Diagnosis involves history, skin prick tests, and blood tests. Management is strict avoidance of the trigger food, carrying adrenaline auto-injectors if prescribed, and an allergy action plan. Food allergy involves an immune reaction to specific food proteins — different from food intolerance which does not involve IgE antibodies. Common allergens in the UK include peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, wheat, sesame, and soy. Symptoms range from hives and vomiting to anaphylaxis — swelling of throat, breathing difficulty, collapse. Peanut and tree nut allergies often persist for life — milk and egg allergy commonly resolve in childhood. People at risk of anaphylaxis should carry two adrenaline auto-injectors and have an allergy action plan. What is the difference between food allergy and food intolerance? What are the symptoms of a food allergy? Which foods most commonly cause allergy in the UK? How is food allergy diagnosed? Can food allergies be cured? What is an adrenaline auto-injector? How do I manage food allergy day to day? Can breastfeeding prevent food allergy in babies?"},{"t":"Food poisoning","d":"A plain-English guide to food poisoning — symptoms, how long it lasts, home treatment, and when to seek help.","u":"/conditions/food-poisoning/","s":"Condition","x":"food poisoning Food poisoning is illness caused by eating food contaminated with harmful bacteria, viruses or parasites. Symptoms include diarrhoea, vomiting and stomach cramps, usually starting within hours to days of eating affected food. Most people recover within a few days with rest and fluids — seek help if you cannot keep fluids down or have signs of dehydration. Symptoms often start suddenly — vomiting, diarrhoea and stomach cramps. Most cases resolve within a few days without specific treatment. Rest, fluids and oral rehydration salts are the main treatment. Raw meat, unpasteurised products, and food left out too long are common causes. Report suspected food poisoning from a restaurant or shop to your local environmental health team. How quickly does food poisoning start? How long does food poisoning last? What is the best treatment for food poisoning? Do I need antibiotics for food poisoning? How can I prevent food poisoning at home?"},{"t":"Frequent urination","d":"Frequent urination is commonly caused by urine infections, diabetes, an overactive bladder or an enlarged prostate — persistent symptoms need a GP review.","u":"/symptoms/frequent-urination/","s":"Symptom","x":"frequent urination Frequent urination means needing to pee more often than usual — most people pass urine roughly six to eight times a day. Common causes include urine infections, diabetes, an overactive bladder, pregnancy, caffeine and, in older men, an enlarged prostate. See a GP if it persists or comes with pain, blood or thirst. A urinary tract infection often causes frequent urination with urgency and burning. Diabetes can cause frequent urination alongside increased thirst and tiredness. An enlarged prostate is a common cause of urinary frequency in older men. An overactive bladder causes urgency and frequency without any infection being present. Needing to pee more often is common and normal during pregnancy. How often is it normal to pee each day? Does caffeine make you urinate more often? What is an overactive bladder? Can frequent urination be a sign of diabetes?"},{"t":"Frozen shoulder","d":"A plain-English guide to frozen shoulder — symptoms, stages, treatment and recovery timeline.","u":"/conditions/frozen-shoulder/","s":"Condition","x":"frozen shoulder Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint that develops gradually and can last 1 to 3 years. It often follows injury or immobility and is more common in people with diabetes. Treatment includes pain relief, physiotherapy and sometimes injections — most people recover fully but it takes time. Frozen shoulder usually affects people aged 40 to 60, more often women. Three stages — freezing (pain), frozen (stiffness), thawing (recovery). The whole process can last 18 months to 3 years, sometimes longer. Diabetes significantly increases risk — tell a GP if you have diabetes. Physiotherapy and gentle movement help — forced stretching can worsen pain. What are the symptoms of frozen shoulder? What causes frozen shoulder? How long does frozen shoulder last? How is frozen shoulder treated? Is frozen shoulder the same as arthritis?"},{"t":"Full blood count (FBC)","d":"A full blood count (FBC) checks red cells, white cells and platelets, helping GPs detect anaemia, infection and other blood disorders early.","u":"/tests/full-blood-count/","s":"Test","x":"full blood count A full blood count (FBC) is a blood test that measures red cells, white cells and platelets, helping to detect anaemia, infection and other blood disorders. It needs no fasting or special preparation. Your GP explains any abnormal results alongside your symptoms and medical history. The test checks haemoglobin levels to identify anaemia in the blood. White cell counts rise when the body is fighting infection. Platelets are measured because they help blood to clot. The test needs no special preparation or fasting. It is often included as part of routine health screening. What does anaemia on a full blood count mean? What does a high white cell count mean? What does a low platelet count mean? Do I need to fast before a full blood count?"},{"t":"Gabapentin","d":"Gabapentin is a medicine for neuropathic pain and epilepsy that requires slow dose titration and careful use as a controlled drug in the UK.","u":"/treatments/gabapentin/","s":"Treatment","x":"gabapentin Gabapentin is a medicine used to treat neuropathic (nerve) pain and, alongside other medicines, epilepsy. Doctors increase the dose slowly to reduce sedation, and the dose is adjusted for people with kidney disease because it is cleared through the kidneys. It is a controlled drug in the UK due to dependence risk, and it should not be stopped abruptly. Gabapentin is structurally similar to GABA but is not a direct GABA agonist. It is classed as a Schedule 3 controlled drug in the UK. The dose is usually increased gradually, often over weekly steps, for neuropathic pain. Sedation and unsteadiness (ataxia) are common when starting treatment. It has few significant interactions with other medicines. Is gabapentin used for back pain? Is it safe to take gabapentin with opioids? What should I do if I miss a dose of gabapentin? Can gabapentin cause swelling?"},{"t":"Gallstones","d":"Gallstones can cause severe upper-right tummy pain after fatty meals — symptoms, when they need hospital care, and NHS treatment options.","u":"/conditions/gallstones/","s":"Condition","x":"gallstones Gallstones are small stones, usually made of cholesterol, that form in the gallbladder. Many cause no symptoms and need no treatment, but if a stone blocks a duct it can cause sudden, severe tummy pain. Troublesome gallstones are usually treated by removing the gallbladder. Gallstones form in the gallbladder and are very common. Many cause no symptoms and need no treatment. A blocked duct can cause sudden, severe upper tummy pain. Troublesome gallstones are usually treated with surgery. What do gallstone symptoms feel like? What causes gallstones? Do gallstones always need treatment? Can you live without a gallbladder?"},{"t":"Gastroenteritis: fluids, GP or 111?","d":"A tummy bug causes diarrhoea and vomiting. Fluids and 48 hours off after the last episode matter most. Blood, black stool or severe dehydration is urgent.","u":"/conditions/gastroenteritis/","s":"Condition","x":"gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is a tummy bug causing diarrhoea, vomiting, or both. Most people recover at home with fluids. Get oral rehydration sachets from a pharmacy if you are struggling. Stay off work or school until 48 hours after the last episode. Call 111 if you cannot keep fluids down. Call 999 for severe dehydration or green vomit. Gastroenteritis is a tummy bug causing diarrhoea, vomiting, or both. It spreads easily — stay off work or school until 48 hours after the last episode. The main risk is dehydration; oral rehydration sachets from a pharmacy help. Do not give anti-diarrhoea medicine to children under 12 unless a clinician says so. Blood in diarrhoea, black stool, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds is urgent. How long does gastroenteritis last? How do I avoid dehydration with a tummy bug? Is gastroenteritis contagious? Should I take something to stop the diarrhoea? What should babies and children drink? When is a tummy bug 999?"},{"t":"Genital herpes: outbreaks and NHS care","d":"Genital herpes is a common viral STI. Painful sores can recur. Sexual health clinics diagnose and prescribe antivirals. This page is not a diagnosis.","u":"/conditions/genital-herpes/","s":"Condition","x":"genital herpes Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus and can cause painful blisters or sores on the genitals, anus or buttocks. Many people have mild or no symptoms but can still pass the virus on. Outbreaks often become less frequent over time. A sexual health clinic can diagnose an outbreak and prescribe antiviral tablets. Avoid sex while sores are present. Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus and stays in the body after the first infection. The first outbreak is often the most painful; later ones are usually milder. A clinic swab of a fresh sore is the usual way to confirm an outbreak. Antiviral tablets can shorten outbreaks when started promptly, as prescribed. Avoid sex from the first tingle until sores have fully healed. Tell your midwife if you or a partner have genital herpes. How do you catch genital herpes? Is genital herpes curable? How often do herpes outbreaks occur? Can I have sex if I have genital herpes? What is the difference between HSV-1 and HSV-2? Does genital herpes affect fertility or pregnancy? What medicines treat genital herpes?"},{"t":"Gestational diabetes","d":"Gestational diabetes — high blood sugar in pregnancy, glucose tolerance test, monitoring, and reducing risks to mother and baby.","u":"/conditions/gestational-diabetes/","s":"Condition","x":"gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar developing during pregnancy — usually in second or third trimester — and usually resolves after birth. All pregnant women in UK offered screening — oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24 to 28 weeks if low risk, earlier if risk factors. Managed with diet, blood glucose monitoring, metformin or insulin if needed. Increases risk of large baby, pre-eclampsia, and type 2 diabetes later — follow-up glucose test after birth essential. Gestational diabetes affects about 5% of UK pregnancies — rising with obesity and older mothers. Hormones from placenta cause insulin resistance — pancreas may not compensate sufficiently. Most women manage with diet and exercise — tablets or insulin if targets not met. Good glucose control reduces macrosomia (large baby), shoulder dystocia, and neonatal hypoglycaemia. 50% risk of type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years after gestational diabetes — lifestyle prevention key. What causes gestational diabetes? How is gestational diabetes tested? Does gestational diabetes harm the baby? How is gestational diabetes treated? Does gestational diabetes go away after birth?"},{"t":"Glandular fever","d":"Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) — symptoms, how long it lasts, swollen glands, fatigue, and when to avoid contact sports.","u":"/conditions/glandular-fever/","s":"Condition","x":"glandular fever Glandular fever is a viral infection usually caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), common in teenagers and young adults. It causes severe sore throat, swollen neck glands, fever, and fatigue that can last weeks to months. Most people recover fully without specific treatment — rest, fluids, and paracetamol or ibuprofen. Avoid contact sports for at least 4 weeks because of spleen enlargement risk. Most cases are caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) — spread through saliva. Classic triad — severe sore throat, marked neck gland swelling, and profound fatigue. Diagnosed with blood test (Monospot or EBV serology) when clinical suspicion is high. Amoxicillin and ampicillin cause a rash if given before EBV is ruled out — avoid if glandular fever suspected. Avoid rugby, football, and contact sports for at least 4 weeks due to enlarged spleen rupture risk. How long does glandular fever last? Is glandular fever the same as mono? How do you catch glandular fever? Can you get glandular fever twice? Why should you avoid sport with glandular fever? What is the glandular fever rash? Can glandular fever cause liver problems? When can I return to school or work?"},{"t":"Glaucoma","d":"How glaucoma is found, when sudden eye symptoms need emergency care, and how an eye specialist chooses treatment to protect your remaining sight.","u":"/conditions/glaucoma/","s":"Condition","x":"glaucoma Glaucoma damages the nerve carrying visual information from the eye to the brain. It often develops without noticeable symptoms. Eye tests can find changes early; treatment aims to limit further damage but cannot restore sight already lost. Suddenly developing severe eye pain, redness, blurred vision or coloured rings around lights needs emergency assessment. High eye pressure and glaucoma are related but are not the same diagnosis. Glaucoma can also develop when eye pressure is within the usual range. Laser treatment, eye drops and surgery are options; the choice depends on your type and stage of glaucoma. Can glaucoma be cured? Are drops always the first treatment? Does high eye pressure mean I have glaucoma?"},{"t":"Gonorrhoea: test, treat, tell partners","d":"Gonorrhoea is a bacterial STI. Many people have no symptoms. Free NHS clinic tests, clinic-prescribed antibiotics, and partner treatment matter.","u":"/conditions/gonorrhoea/","s":"Condition","x":"gonorrhoea Gonorrhoea is a bacterial STI that can infect the genitals, rectum and throat. NHS notes that many people have no symptoms. Free confidential tests are available at sexual health clinics. Treatment is antibiotics prescribed by a clinic, often an injection plus tablets. Partners must be treated. Avoid sex until you are advised it is safe. NHS notes that many people with gonorrhoea have no symptoms. Free confidential tests are available at NHS sexual health clinics. Clinics usually test for chlamydia at the same time. Treatment is antibiotics prescribed by a specialist clinic, often an injection plus tablets. Partners need testing and treatment to prevent reinfection. Untreated infection can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in people with a womb. What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea? How is gonorrhoea treated in the UK? Can gonorrhoea go away without treatment? How long after treatment can I have sex? Is gonorrhoea the same as chlamydia? Can oral sex transmit gonorrhoea? Why might I need a test of cure?"},{"t":"Gout","d":"Gout causes sudden severe joint pain from uric acid crystals — often in the big toe. Learn triggers, attack treatment, prevention and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/gout/","s":"Condition","x":"gout Gout is a type of arthritis that causes sudden, severe pain, swelling and redness in a joint — often the big toe. It is caused by a build-up of uric acid forming crystals in the joint. Attacks can be treated and, with the right care and sometimes long-term medication, future attacks can be prevented. Gout is a form of arthritis causing sudden, severe joint pain. It often affects the big toe first, but can affect other joints. It is caused by a build-up of uric acid forming crystals. Attacks can be treated, and further attacks can often be prevented. What causes gout? What does a gout attack feel like? How is a gout attack treated? Can gout be prevented?"},{"t":"GP appointment checklist","d":"A printable checklist to help you prepare for a GP appointment, for yourself or someone you support.","u":"/health-tools/appointment-checklist/","s":"Tool","x":"appointment preparation checklist carer family notes GP doctor"},{"t":"Grief and bereavement","d":"A plain-English guide to grief after losing someone — or a pet — what to expect, what helps, and where to find bereavement support in the UK.","u":"/conditions/grief-and-bereavement/","s":"Condition","x":"grief and bereavement Grief is the natural response to losing someone or something you love, including a pet. There is no right way or timetable to grieve — feelings can include sadness, anger, guilt, numbness and physical exhaustion. Most people gradually adjust with time and support. Help is available if grief feels overwhelming or does not ease. Grief is a normal, healthy response to loss — there is no single right way to grieve. Feelings can come in waves and include sadness, anger, guilt, relief, numbness and physical tiredness. Losing a pet can cause grief just as real as losing a person. Most people gradually adjust over months, though there is no fixed timetable. Support is available — from talking to people you trust, to bereavement charities and your GP. What does grief feel like? How long does grief last? How do I cope with losing a pet? When should I get help for grief? What is complicated or prolonged grief?"},{"t":"Haemorrhoids (piles)","d":"Haemorrhoids (piles) cause itching, pain or bright red bleeding after pooing — self-care, pharmacy treatments and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/haemorrhoids/","s":"Condition","x":"haemorrhoids Haemorrhoids, also called piles, are swollen blood vessels in or around the bottom. They can cause itching, discomfort and bright red bleeding after passing a stool. They are very common, often linked to constipation, and frequently settle with self-care, though any rectal bleeding should be checked by a GP. Haemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels around the bottom. They can cause itching, discomfort and bright red bleeding. They are often linked to constipation and straining. Any rectal bleeding should be checked by a GP to be sure of the cause. What causes haemorrhoids? Do haemorrhoids go away on their own? How can I treat haemorrhoids at home? When should bleeding from the bottom be checked? What are haemorrhoids (piles)?"},{"t":"Hair loss","d":"Hair loss has many causes — from pattern baldness to thyroid problems. Learn what helps, what the NHS offers, and when to see a GP. Reviewed by UK doctors.","u":"/conditions/hair-loss/","s":"Condition","x":"hair loss Most adult hair loss is androgenetic alopecia (pattern baldness) — gradual thinning driven by genetics and hormones, treatable but not curable. Sudden patchy loss may be alopecia areata (autoimmune). Diffuse shedding after illness or stress is often telogen effluvium and usually recovers. See a GP for rapid loss, patches, scalp symptoms, or hair loss with other illness signs. Male pattern baldness affects about half of men by age 50; female pattern affects many women after menopause. Finasteride and minoxidil are the main NHS/private treatments for pattern baldness — results take months. Alopecia areata causes patchy hair loss and may regrow spontaneously or with treatment. Telogen effluvium — widespread shedding after stress, illness, or childbirth — usually temporary. Sudden patchy loss, scarring, or loss with scalp pain needs GP assessment. Why is my hair falling out? Can hair loss be reversed? Does stress cause hair loss? Is finasteride safe for hair loss? Does minoxidil work for women? What is alopecia areata? Can wearing hats cause baldness? Does biotin or vitamin supplements stop hair loss? When does postpartum hair loss stop? How long does minoxidil take to work? Can you use finasteride and minoxidil together? What is a receding hairline or balding crown? How do you apply minoxidil correctly?"},{"t":"Hair loss — symptoms and causes","d":"Hair loss is most often due to genetic pattern baldness or temporary shedding after stress or illness — patchy loss or a scarring scalp needs GP assessment.","u":"/symptoms/hair-loss-symptom/","s":"Symptom","x":"hair loss symptom Hair loss is usually caused by genetic pattern baldness or by telogen effluvium, a temporary shedding that follows stress or illness. It is normal to shed 50–100 hairs a day. Patchy hair loss, a scarring scalp or hair loss with other symptoms should be assessed by a GP. Male pattern baldness is genetic and a very common cause of hair loss. Telogen effluvium is temporary shedding that follows stress or illness. Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition that causes patches of hair loss. Iron deficiency and thyroid problems can both affect hair growth. Minoxidil helps some people with pattern hair loss. Why is my hair falling out after an illness? What is alopecia areata? Can low iron cause hair loss? Do hair loss shampoos actually work?"},{"t":"Hair loss treatments","d":"Minoxidil and finasteride are the main hair loss treatments, slowing pattern baldness and prompting regrowth, though benefits reverse if you stop.","u":"/treatments/hair-loss-treatments/","s":"Treatment","x":"hair loss treatments Hair loss treatments are medicines that slow pattern baldness and encourage regrowth, chiefly minoxidil (Regaine) solution or foam and finasteride tablets. Minoxidil suits men and women and takes 4 to 6 months to show results; finasteride is for men only. Neither cures baldness, and benefits reverse if you stop, so see a GP first to confirm the diagnosis. Minoxidil is available over the counter as a 2% or 5% solution for men and women. Finasteride is for men only, blocking DHT and slowing loss in about 90% of men in trials. An initial increase in shedding with minoxidil is common before new growth follows. Finasteride can reduce libido in a small percentage of men, usually reversing on stopping. Alopecia areata needs different treatment, such as steroids or specialist care, not minoxidil alone. How long does minoxidil take to work for hair loss? Is finasteride available on the NHS for hair loss? Can women use minoxidil for hair loss? Do hair loss shampoos actually work? What happens if I stop taking finasteride or using minoxidil? Can finasteride and minoxidil be used together for hair loss? Are hair loss treatments available on the NHS?"},{"t":"Hand, foot and mouth: home or 111?","d":"Hand, foot and mouth is a mild viral illness with mouth ulcers and a rash on hands and feet. Fluids matter. They can return to school once they feel better.","u":"/conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/","s":"Condition","x":"hand foot and mouth disease Hand, foot and mouth is a common mild virus with mouth ulcers and a rash on hands and feet. Most recover in 7 to 10 days with fluids and pharmacy pain relief. They can return to school once they feel better. Use 111 if they are peeing less. Call 999 if they struggle to breathe or are floppy from dehydration. It is a viral illness — not the same as foot-and-mouth disease in animals. Mouth ulcers plus a rash on hands and feet are typical; the bottom can be involved. Most people recover in 7 to 10 days without antibiotics. They can return to school once they feel better — no need to wait for every blister to heal. Dehydration from painful mouth ulcers is the main risk in young children. What are the first signs of hand, foot and mouth disease? Is hand, foot and mouth disease contagious? How can I help my child eat and drink? When can my child return to nursery or school? Can adults catch hand, foot and mouth disease? How is it different from chickenpox or scarlet fever?"},{"t":"Hay fever: pollen, symptoms, NHS help","d":"Hay fever is a pollen allergy, not a cold. Use this UK guide for tree, grass and weed seasons, pharmacy treatments, and when asthma means you need a GP.","u":"/conditions/hay-fever/","s":"Condition","x":"hay fever Hay fever is an allergy to pollen. It causes sneezing, a runny or blocked nose, and itchy, watery eyes, usually from late March to September. There is no cure. A pharmacist can advise on antihistamines and steroid nasal sprays. Start treatment before your usual season. See a GP if symptoms stay uncontrolled or asthma is getting worse. Hay fever is an allergic reaction to tree, grass or weed pollen, not an infection. In the UK, tree pollen is usually highest from late March to mid-May, grass from mid-May to July, and weed pollen from late June to September. A pharmacist can recommend antihistamines and steroid nasal sprays. There is no cure; start treatment before your usual season, and see a GP if asthma is worsening. What causes hay fever? When is hay fever season in the UK? Can hay fever be cured? Should I start treatment before the pollen season? What is the difference between hay fever and a cold? Can hay fever make asthma worse? Which antihistamine should I choose? When should I see a GP for hay fever?"},{"t":"HbA1c blood test","d":"An HbA1c blood test measures your average blood sugar over 2-3 months, and GPs use it to diagnose and monitor diabetes without any fasting needed.","u":"/tests/hba1c/","s":"Test","x":"hba1c An HbA1c blood test measures your average blood glucose level over the past two to three months, and is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes. No fasting is needed beforehand. Target levels vary between individuals, so your diabetes team will agree a personal goal with you. Diagnoses type 2 diabetes at a level of 48 mmol/mol or above. Monitors long-term blood glucose control over time. Requires no fasting before the blood sample is taken. Is not used alone to diagnose type 1 diabetes in children. Works alongside home glucose tests rather than replacing them. What is a normal HbA1c level? How often is HbA1c tested? What is the difference between HbA1c and a finger-prick test? Can anaemia affect HbA1c results?"},{"t":"Head injury and concussion","d":"Concussion symptoms, home observation after a minor head injury, and the red flags that require A&E or 999.","u":"/conditions/head-injury-and-concussion/","s":"Condition","x":"head injury and concussion Concussion is a temporary brain injury after a blow or jolt to the head. Headache, dizziness, nausea, tiredness, poor concentration and memory problems can follow. Worsening drowsiness, repeated vomiting, a seizure, weakness, unusual behaviour or loss of consciousness needs emergency assessment. Symptoms can appear immediately or over the following hours. An adult should stay with the injured person for the first 24 hours. Avoid alcohol, driving, contact sport and recreational drugs until recovered. Is it safe to sleep after a head injury? How long does concussion last? When can I return to sport?"},{"t":"Head lice: combing or pharmacy?","d":"Head lice spread by head-to-head contact, not dirty hair. Wet combing or pharmacy products treat them. There is no need to stay off school once treated.","u":"/conditions/head-lice/","s":"Condition","x":"head lice Head lice are tiny insects on the scalp. They itch but do not spread disease and are not a sign of dirty hair. Treat with wet combing or a pharmacy lotion — follow the pack. Treat anyone with live lice on the same day. Children do not need to stay off school. See a pharmacist if products fail. Head lice spread by head-to-head contact — not by dirty hair. Live lice, not empty nits, mean an active infestation. Wet combing with conditioner, or a pharmacy lotion or spray, can clear them. Treat everyone with live lice on the same day. NHS advice: no need to keep a child off school once you are treating. How do I know if my child has head lice? What is the best treatment for head lice? Do head lice jump or live on bedding? Should my child stay off school with head lice? Can adults get head lice? What if treatment does not work?"},{"t":"Headache","d":"What different headaches can mean, common causes, and the warning signs that need urgent medical help.","u":"/symptoms/headache/","s":"Symptom","x":"headache Most headaches are not serious and are caused by everyday things like stress, tiredness, dehydration or eye strain. They usually ease with rest, fluids and over-the-counter painkillers. A small number of headaches are a sign of something more serious, so it is important to know the warning signs. Tension-type headaches — pressure or a tight band around the head. Migraine — throbbing pain, often with nausea and light sensitivity. Everyday triggers — stress, tiredness, dehydration, skipped meals, eye strain. Medication-overuse — headaches caused by taking painkillers too often. What is the most common cause of headaches? When should I worry about a headache? Can painkillers cause headaches? How can I prevent headaches? How long do headaches last? Should I sleep off a headache? When should a child with a headache see a doctor? Do I need a brain scan for headaches? Can dehydration or skipped meals cause a headache?"},{"t":"Health A–Z","d":"Browse doctor-reviewed, plain-English condition guides from acne to whooping cough.","u":"/health-a-z/","s":"Browse","x":"health a-z conditions browse alphabet list"},{"t":"Health tools and NHS services","d":"NHS 111, everyday wellbeing tools, GP and pharmacy finders, and practical checklists for UK care.","u":"/health-tools/","s":"Topic","x":"health tools NHS 111 symptom checker mood self assessment GP finder pharmacy dentist services BMI checklist flu covid Pick My Pharmacy Pharmacy First"},{"t":"Heart and circulation","d":"Plain-English guides to heart and circulation problems, from high blood pressure and angina to stroke — symptoms, tests and treatments that protect your heart.","u":"/topics/heart-and-circulation/","s":"Topic","x":"angina atrial fibrillation deep vein thrombosis heart attack heart failure high blood pressure high cholesterol peripheral arterial disease pulmonary embolism stroke transient ischaemic attack chest pain fainting leg pain palpitations shortness of breath swollen ankles amlodipine aspirin atorvastatin blood pressure medicines propranolol ramipril statins cholesterol blood test ecg"},{"t":"Heart attack","d":"How to recognise a heart attack — symptoms in men and women, what to do in an emergency, and reducing your risk.","u":"/conditions/heart-attack/","s":"Condition","x":"heart attack A heart attack happens when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, usually by a clot. Call 999 immediately for sudden chest pain, pressure or tightness that may spread to the arm, jaw or back, especially with sweating, nausea or breathlessness. Chew aspirin 300mg if available and not allergic — while waiting for the ambulance. Heart attack is a medical emergency — call 999, do not drive yourself to hospital. Chest pain or pressure is the most common symptom, but not everyone gets it. Women may have less typical symptoms — nausea, back pain, extreme fatigue. Chewing 300mg aspirin helps if you are not allergic and have no reason to avoid it. High blood pressure, smoking, diabetes and high cholesterol are major risk factors. What does a heart attack feel like? What should I do if I think someone is having a heart attack? Are heart attack symptoms different in women? What is the difference between a heart attack and cardiac arrest? How can I reduce my heart attack risk?"},{"t":"Heart failure","d":"Heart failure — breathlessness, ankle swelling, causes, diagnosis with echocardiogram, and NHS treatment including ACE inhibitors and diuretics.","u":"/conditions/heart-failure/","s":"Condition","x":"heart failure Heart failure means the heart pumps less effectively — not that the heart stops. Symptoms include breathlessness on exertion or lying flat, fatigue, and ankle swelling. Common causes include heart attack damage, high blood pressure, and valve disease. Diagnosed with blood test (NT-proBNP) and echocardiogram. Treatment — ACE inhibitors or ARBs, beta-blockers, diuretics, SGLT2 inhibitors — improves symptoms and survival. See a GP if progressively worsening breathlessness or sudden severe breathlessness at rest — phone 999. Heart failure affects about 1 million people in UK — prevalence rising with ageing and better heart attack survival. Breathlessness, fatigue, and ankle oedema are classic triad — but symptoms overlap other conditions. HFrEF (reduced ejection fraction) and HFpEF (preserved EF) treated differently but both benefit from some shared drugs. Daily weight monitoring — rapid gain suggests fluid retention — adjust diuretics per plan. Cardiac rehabilitation and salt moderation improve quality of life alongside medicines. What are the symptoms of heart failure? What causes heart failure? Is heart failure curable? What medicines treat heart failure? What should I limit with heart failure?"},{"t":"Heartburn","d":"Heartburn is a burning chest discomfort caused by acid reflux — smaller meals and antacids usually help, but daily symptoms or weight loss need a GP review.","u":"/symptoms/heartburn-symptom/","s":"Symptom","x":"heartburn symptom Heartburn is a burning discomfort in the chest caused by stomach acid rising into the oesophagus (acid reflux). Lifestyle changes and antacids usually help. See a GP if you have heartburn most days or with weight loss, and call 999 for pressure-like chest pain, as a heart attack can feel similar. Acid reflux is the most common cause of heartburn. Large meals and alcohol are common triggers of heartburn. GPs may prescribe proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for frequent heartburn. Alarm symptoms such as swallowing problems, weight loss or anaemia need endoscopy. A heart attack can mimic heartburn, so call 999 if you are unsure. How can I tell the difference between heartburn and a heart attack? Which foods trigger heartburn? Is it safe to take antacids long-term? Can acid reflux cause a cough?"},{"t":"Heartburn and acid reflux","d":"A plain-English guide to heartburn and acid reflux — causes, treatments and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/","s":"Condition","x":"heartburn and acid reflux Heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest, caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat (acid reflux). It is common and often linked to certain foods, eating habits or being overweight. Lifestyle changes and pharmacy remedies usually help, but persistent symptoms should be checked by a GP. Heartburn is a burning chest feeling caused by stomach acid rising up. It is often triggered by certain foods, large meals, alcohol or lying down soon after eating. Pharmacy antacids and simple lifestyle changes often ease it. Heartburn lasting more than 3 weeks should be checked by a GP. What is the difference between heartburn and acid reflux? What foods make heartburn worse? How can I relieve heartburn at home? When should I worry about heartburn?"},{"t":"Heat exhaustion and heatstroke","d":"How to recognise heat exhaustion and heatstroke, first aid, and when to call 999 in hot weather.","u":"/conditions/heat-exhaustion-and-heatstroke/","s":"Condition","x":"heat exhaustion and heatstroke Heat exhaustion happens when the body overheats — causing heavy sweating, dizziness, nausea and headache. Move to a cool place, drink fluids, and rest. Heatstroke is an emergency — the body stops cooling itself, skin may be hot and dry, and confusion or collapse can follow. Call 999 for heatstroke or if heat exhaustion does not improve within 30 minutes. Heat exhaustion is serious but usually reversible with cooling and fluids. Heatstroke is life-threatening — call 999 immediately. Elderly people, babies, and those with heart or lung conditions are most vulnerable. Drink plenty of fluids in hot weather — do not wait until thirsty. Never leave anyone in a parked car in warm weather. What is the difference between heat exhaustion and heatstroke? What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion? How do you treat heat exhaustion? Who is most at risk in hot weather? How can I prevent heat illness?"},{"t":"Heavy periods","d":"A plain-English guide to heavy menstrual bleeding — what counts as heavy, causes, and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/heavy-periods/","s":"Condition","x":"heavy periods Heavy periods (menorrhagia) mean bleeding that is unusually heavy or long — soaking through pads or tampons every hour or two, passing large clots, or bleeding for more than 7 days. Common causes include fibroids, hormonal changes and the copper coil. See a GP if heavy bleeding affects your life or causes anaemia symptoms like tiredness. About 1 in 20 women see a GP about heavy periods each year. Heavy bleeding can cause iron deficiency anaemia — tiredness, breathlessness, pale skin. Fibroids and hormonal imbalance are common causes in your 30s and 40s. The copper IUD (coil) can make periods heavier — discuss alternatives if this is a problem. Effective treatments include hormonal contraception, tranexamic acid, and procedures. How do I know if my periods are too heavy? What causes heavy periods? Can heavy periods cause anaemia? What treatments are available for heavy periods? Are heavy periods normal in perimenopause?"},{"t":"Hepatitis","d":"Viral hepatitis A, B, and C — transmission, symptoms, vaccination, NHS testing, and modern curative treatments for hepatitis C.","u":"/conditions/hepatitis/","s":"Condition","x":"hepatitis Hepatitis means liver inflammation — commonly caused by viruses A, B, or C, each spread differently. Hepatitis A spreads via contaminated food and water — usually resolves. Hepatitis B and C spread via blood and body fluids — can become chronic and cause cirrhosis and liver cancer. Vaccines prevent A and B; hepatitis C is now curable with short tablet courses on the NHS. See a GP for jaundice, dark urine, or known exposure. Hepatitis A — faecal-oral spread, acute illness, vaccine available for travel and risk groups. Hepatitis B — blood and sexual transmission; chronic infection in some — vaccine in UK childhood schedule. Hepatitis C — blood transmission; often silent for decades; direct-acting antivirals cure over 95% in 8 to 12 weeks. All types can cause jaundice, fatigue, and abnormal liver blood tests — not all cause symptoms. Anyone who ever injected drugs should test for hepatitis C — NHS elimination campaign offers testing. What are the symptoms of hepatitis? How is hepatitis C treated? Is hepatitis B curable? How do you catch hepatitis C? Who should get the hepatitis B vaccine?"},{"t":"Hiatus hernia","d":"A plain-English guide to hiatus hernia — what it is, its link to heartburn, and how it is managed.","u":"/conditions/hiatus-hernia/","s":"Condition","x":"hiatus hernia A hiatus hernia is when part of the stomach moves up into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm. Many people have one without knowing. It often causes no symptoms, but it can contribute to heartburn and acid reflux, which are managed with lifestyle changes and medicines. A hiatus hernia is part of the stomach moving up into the chest. Many people have one with no symptoms at all. It can contribute to heartburn and acid reflux. Most are managed with lifestyle changes and reflux medicines. What are the symptoms of a hiatus hernia? What causes a hiatus hernia? How is a hiatus hernia treated? Is a hiatus hernia dangerous?"},{"t":"High blood pressure","d":"High blood pressure rarely causes symptoms but raises heart attack and stroke risk. Get checked from age 40 — treatment works. Reviewed by UK doctors.","u":"/conditions/high-blood-pressure/","s":"Condition","x":"high blood pressure High blood pressure (hypertension) means the force of blood pushing against your artery walls is consistently too high. It usually has no symptoms, so many people do not know they have it. Over time it raises the risk of heart attack and stroke, but it can often be lowered with lifestyle changes and, if needed, medication. High blood pressure rarely causes symptoms, so it is often found during a check. It increases the risk of heart attack, stroke and other serious problems. It is diagnosed using blood pressure readings, sometimes taken over time. Lifestyle changes and, where needed, medicines can bring it under control. What counts as high blood pressure? Does high blood pressure have symptoms? How can I lower my blood pressure without tablets? Will I need to take medication forever? What causes high blood pressure? What is a normal blood pressure reading? When should I worry about high blood pressure? Can I get a free check without seeing a GP?"},{"t":"High cholesterol: tests and NHS help","d":"High cholesterol usually has no symptoms. Use this UK guide to blood tests, non-HDL, lifestyle steps, statins if risk is high, and when to call 999.","u":"/conditions/high-cholesterol/","s":"Condition","x":"high cholesterol High cholesterol means too much of a fatty substance in your blood. It usually causes no symptoms and is found with a blood test. Non-HDL is the ‘bad’ cholesterol your GP uses with your wider heart-risk score. Lifestyle changes come first for many people; statins are added if risk is high. Do not stop statins without advice. Call 999 for heart attack or stroke symptoms. High cholesterol usually has no symptoms; only a blood test can find it. Non-HDL cholesterol is the “bad” type your GP uses alongside your overall heart and stroke risk. Eating less saturated fat, moving more, not smoking and drinking less alcohol can lower it. Statins are used when risk is high; do not stop them without medical advice. Does high cholesterol have symptoms? What is non-HDL cholesterol? Do I need to fast before a cholesterol blood test? Will I need a statin? Are statins safe, and can I stop them if I feel well? What lifestyle changes actually help? What is familial hypercholesterolaemia? When should I call 999 if I have high cholesterol?"},{"t":"High temperature (fever)","d":"What a fever in adults can mean, how to manage it at home, and when to get medical help.","u":"/symptoms/high-temperature/","s":"Symptom","x":"high temperature A high temperature (fever) is usually a sign that your body is fighting an infection, most often a common viral illness. In adults it often settles within a few days with rest and fluids. You should seek advice if a fever is very high, lasts more than a few days, or comes with other warning signs. Viral infections — colds and flu are the most common cause. Other infections — such as a chest, urine or throat infection. A fever is the body's normal response to fighting infection. Most fevers in adults settle within a few days with self-care. What counts as a high temperature in adults? How do I bring down a fever at home? How long should a fever last? When is a fever an emergency?"},{"t":"Hip pain","d":"Hip pain in adults is often caused by osteoarthritis or bursitis. Where it is felt helps find the cause, and being unable to bear weight after a fall needs A&E.","u":"/symptoms/hip-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"hip pain Hip pain is discomfort felt in or around the hip joint, most often caused by osteoarthritis or bursitis. Where the pain sits helps identify the source, as groin pain suggests the joint while outer hip pain may be bursitis. Being unable to bear weight after a fall, especially over 65, needs A&E. Osteoarthritis is a common cause of hip pain in people over 50. Pain felt in the groin usually points to the hip joint itself. Pain on the outer side of the hip may be caused by bursitis. Pain from the lower back can be referred and felt in the hip. Osteoporosis increases the risk of a hip fracture in older adults. Where is hip pain usually felt? What helps hip pain from arthritis? What is hip bursitis? When could hip pain be a fracture?"},{"t":"HIV: testing, PEP, PrEP and treatment","d":"HIV is tested and treated on the NHS. PEP is a 72-hour emergency. PrEP is available via sexual health services. This is not a diagnosis page.","u":"/conditions/hiv/","s":"Condition","x":"hiv HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system. Free confidential tests are available at sexual health clinics, and often by post. PEP after a possible exposure is a 72-hour emergency from A&E or a sexual health clinic. PrEP to reduce future risk is available via sexual health services. This page cannot diagnose HIV or start treatment. Free confidential HIV tests are available at NHS sexual health clinics and often by post. PEP after a possible exposure must start within 72 hours, via A&E or a sexual health clinic. PrEP to reduce future HIV risk is available through sexual health services. Effective treatment can make the virus undetectable, which means it is not passed on through sex. This page cannot diagnose HIV or interpret a home test for you. Condoms still matter for other STIs even when HIV risk is being managed. How is HIV transmitted? What are the symptoms of HIV? What does undetectable equals untransmittable mean? How soon after sex should I test? What is the difference between PEP and PrEP? Is there a cure for HIV? Where do I get a free HIV test?"},{"t":"Hives (urticaria)","d":"A plain-English guide to hives — what causes them, how to ease them, and when to seek urgent help.","u":"/conditions/hives/","s":"Condition","x":"hives Hives, also called urticaria, are a raised, itchy rash that can appear anywhere on the body. They are often caused by an allergic reaction or triggered by heat, stress or infection. Most cases settle within a day or two, and antihistamines from a pharmacy usually ease the itching. Hives are a raised, itchy rash that can appear suddenly anywhere on the body. They are often caused by an allergic reaction or other triggers. Most short-lived cases settle within a day or two. Antihistamines usually ease the itching. What causes hives? How long do hives last? How do I get rid of hives? When are hives an emergency?"},{"t":"Hoarse voice","d":"A hoarse voice is usually caused by laryngitis, reflux or vocal strain and clears within two weeks, but persistent hoarseness needs a GP assessment.","u":"/symptoms/hoarse-voice/","s":"Symptom","x":"hoarse voice A hoarse voice is usually caused by laryngitis from a cold or shouting and clears within one to two weeks. Resting your voice and staying hydrated help recovery. Hoarseness lasting more than three weeks, especially in smokers, needs a GP assessment. Viral laryngitis is the most common cause of a hoarse voice, and voice rest helps recovery. Acid reflux and smoking both irritate the vocal cords and can cause hoarseness. Shouting, singing or talking loudly for long periods can strain the voice. Hoarseness lasting over three weeks needs medical investigation. Difficulty swallowing or breathing alongside hoarseness needs urgent review. How long does laryngitis last? Can acid reflux cause a hoarse voice? Should I whisper when my voice is hoarse? When is hoarseness serious?"},{"t":"Hot flushes","d":"Hot flushes are sudden heat and sweating driven by falling oestrogen in the menopause — what triggers them, how HRT helps, and non-hormonal options.","u":"/symptoms/hot-flushes/","s":"Symptom","x":"hot flushes Hot flushes are sudden waves of heat, sweating and flushing, usually linked to falling oestrogen around the menopause. Keeping cool and avoiding triggers helps some people; HRT is the most effective treatment for many women. Flushes before 40, or in men, should be checked by a GP. Hot flushes are common in the perimenopause and menopause. Falling oestrogen affects the brain's temperature control. Heat, alcohol, caffeine, stress and spicy food can trigger flushes. HRT is the most effective treatment for many women under 60. Flushes before age 40, or in men, need medical assessment. How long do hot flushes last? Is HRT safe for hot flushes? What non-hormonal options help hot flushes? Can men get hot flushes? Do complementary therapies work?"},{"t":"How to prepare for a GP appointment","d":"A UK checklist for a GP appointment: what to write down, which medicines to bring, how to use a short slot, and what to confirm before you leave.","u":"/guides/preparing-for-a-gp-appointment/","s":"Guide","x":"preparing for a gp appointment Before a GP appointment, write down your main concern, when it started, how it has changed, what makes it better or worse, and the effect on daily life. Bring an up-to-date medicine list, relevant readings or photos, and your two or three most important questions. Lead with the issue that worries you most rather than saving it until the end. Tell the clinician about all medicines, supplements, allergies and pregnancy possibility. Ask what happens next, when results arrive and what worsening signs require help. Can I discuss more than one problem? Can I bring someone with me? What should I ask about a new medicine? Should I look my symptoms up first? What if I need a fit note? How do I get test results? Can I record the appointment?"},{"t":"HRT: benefits, risks and GP review","d":"HRT can ease menopause symptoms and protect bones. Benefits and risks are individual. It is not contraception. A GP starts and reviews it on the NHS.","u":"/treatments/hormone-replacement-therapy/","s":"Treatment","x":"hormone replacement therapy Hormone replacement therapy replaces oestrogen, and usually progestogen, that fall around menopause. It can ease hot flushes, night sweats and vaginal dryness, and it helps protect bones. A GP discusses your personal benefits and risks before prescribing. HRT is not contraception. The NHS route is a GP in every UK nation. HRT can ease hot flushes, night sweats and vaginal dryness and helps protect bones. People with a womb need combined HRT so the womb lining is protected. Patches and gels may carry a lower clot risk than tablets for many people. Benefits and risks are individual — a GP assesses your history before prescribing. HRT is not contraception; use a separate method if you could still get pregnant. The usual NHS door is a GP in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. What is hormone replacement therapy? Who can take HRT? Why do some people need combined HRT? What are the main benefits and risks? Is HRT contraception? What is body-identical HRT? How long can I stay on HRT?"},{"t":"Human papillomavirus (HPV)","d":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) — how it spreads, link to cervical and other cancers, NHS vaccination programme, and testing through cervical screening.","u":"/conditions/human-papillomavirus-hpv/","s":"Condition","x":"human papillomavirus hpv Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common virus spread through skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact. Most people clear HPV without symptoms, but persistent infection with high-risk types — especially HPV 16 and 18 — can cause cervical, anal, throat, and other cancers. The NHS HPV vaccine is offered to school-age children and some adults. Cervical screening (smear tests) now tests for high-risk HPV to detect infection early. HPV is extremely common — most sexually active people acquire it at some point; usually clears within 2 years without symptoms. High-risk types HPV 16 and 18 cause most HPV-related cancers — cervical, anal, penile, throat, and vulval. NHS HPV vaccine (Gardasil) offered to all children aged 12 to 13 — also available to eligible adults up to 25. Cervical screening tests for high-risk HPV first — abnormal results lead to colposcopy examination. Condoms reduce but do not eliminate HPV transmission — vaccination and screening are key protections. What is HPV? Does HPV always cause cancer? Who should have the HPV vaccine? How does cervical screening detect HPV? Can HPV cause cancers other than cervical cancer? What are genital warts and are they dangerous? Can condoms prevent HPV?"},{"t":"Ibuprofen: who it suits and who should skip","d":"Ibuprofen eases pain, swelling and fever for some people. Take it with food, at the lowest dose, for the shortest time. Skip it if a pharmacist says it is unsafe for you.","u":"/treatments/ibuprofen/","s":"Treatment","x":"ibuprofen Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory painkiller (an NSAID) used for pain, swelling and fever. It helps many sprains, period pains and arthritic flares, but it can irritate the stomach and is unsafe for some people. Take the lowest dose that works, for the shortest time, with food. Check with a pharmacist if you have ulcers, asthma, kidney, heart or liver problems, or you are pregnant. Ibuprofen is an NSAID: it eases pain, inflammation and fever. Take the lowest dose that works, for the shortest time, with or after food. It does not suit everyone — ulcers, some asthma, kidney, heart or liver problems, and pregnancy are reasons to check first. Stop and get advice for stomach pain, black stools, or breathing difficulty after a dose. What is the difference between ibuprofen and paracetamol? Why should I take ibuprofen with food? Who should avoid ibuprofen? Can I take ibuprofen for a stomach ache? Can I take ibuprofen if I have asthma? Is ibuprofen safe in pregnancy? Can I use ibuprofen gel instead of tablets?"},{"t":"Impetigo: pharmacy, GP or school?","d":"Impetigo is a contagious golden-crust skin infection. A pharmacist can treat many cases. Stay off until crusted or 48 hours into treatment, as NHS advises.","u":"/conditions/impetigo/","s":"Condition","x":"impetigo Impetigo is a contagious bacterial skin infection with golden-brown crusts, often in children. See a pharmacist first — in England, Pharmacy First can treat some. Stay off school until patches crust or 48 hours after starting treatment. Use 111 if skin is spreading, hot and painful. Call 999 if the face is swelling rapidly. Impetigo is a contagious bacterial skin infection, common in children. Sores burst and form golden-brown crusts, often around the nose and mouth. In England, Pharmacy First can treat some impetigo; eligibility applies, so ask. NHS advice: stay off until patches crust over, or 48 hours after starting treatment. Spreading redness, fever, or a rapidly painful limb needs urgent advice. How do you catch impetigo? Can a pharmacist treat impetigo in England? When can my child go back to school? How is impetigo treated? How do I stop impetigo spreading at home? When is impetigo more serious?"},{"t":"Indigestion","d":"Indigestion (dyspepsia) causes upper tummy discomfort or burning after eating — self-care, pharmacy medicines, and warning signs for a GP.","u":"/conditions/indigestion/","s":"Condition","x":"indigestion Indigestion is discomfort or a burning feeling in the upper tummy, often after eating. It is very common and usually linked to food, drink or eating habits. Simple changes and pharmacy remedies such as antacids often help, but indigestion that is frequent or persistent should be checked by a GP. Indigestion is discomfort in the upper tummy, often after eating. It is usually linked to food, drink or eating habits. Antacids and simple changes often ease it. Frequent or persistent indigestion should be checked by a GP. What is the difference between indigestion and heartburn? What causes indigestion? How do I get rid of indigestion? When should I worry about indigestion?"},{"t":"Inguinal hernia","d":"Inguinal hernia — groin lump, symptoms, when surgery is needed on the NHS, and red flags for strangulated hernia emergency.","u":"/conditions/inguinal-hernia/","s":"Condition","x":"inguinal hernia An inguinal hernia is when tissue — usually bowel — pushes through a weak spot in the groin, causing a lump and sometimes discomfort. Common in men; often worsens with coughing or lifting. Many need elective surgical repair to prevent complications. Seek emergency care if the lump becomes painful, hard, and cannot be pushed back — possible strangulation cutting off blood supply. Inguinal hernias are the most common type — groin lump that may appear on straining. More common in men — about 1 in 4 men will have one in their lifetime. Not all hernias need immediate surgery — but unrepaired hernias risk strangulation. Strangulated hernia is a surgical emergency — severe pain, vomiting, irreducible lump. Heavy lifting does not cause hernias in healthy tissue but may worsen an existing weakness. What does an inguinal hernia feel like? Do all hernias need surgery? What is a strangulated hernia? What is the difference between direct and indirect inguinal hernia? Can a woman get an inguinal hernia? How long is recovery from hernia surgery?"},{"t":"Inhalers","d":"Inhalers deliver asthma and COPD medicine straight to the lungs — reliever inhalers act fast, preventer inhalers are taken daily, and technique matters.","u":"/treatments/inhalers/","s":"Treatment","x":"inhalers Inhalers are devices that deliver medicine straight to the lungs, used for conditions like asthma and COPD. Reliever inhalers ease symptoms quickly when they occur, while preventer inhalers are used daily to keep the airways calm. Using the right technique matters, so the medicine reaches the lungs. Inhalers deliver medicine directly to the lungs. Reliever inhalers, often blue, ease symptoms quickly when they occur. Preventer inhalers are used every day to prevent symptoms. Good inhaler technique is essential for the medicine to work. What is the difference between a reliever and a preventer inhaler? How do I use an inhaler correctly? Why do I need to use my preventer inhaler when I feel fine? What is a spacer?"},{"t":"Insomnia: what helps and when to see GP","d":"Insomnia is regular trouble falling or staying asleep. Sleep habits help most people. A GP can look for causes and discuss CBT for insomnia if it lasts.","u":"/conditions/insomnia/","s":"Condition","x":"insomnia Insomnia means regularly struggling to fall asleep, stay asleep, or waking too early and not feeling rested. It is common and often linked to stress, routine or caffeine. Better sleep habits help most people. See a GP if poor sleep lasts for months or affects daily life. Sleeping tablets are not a first long-term answer. Insomnia is regular difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking unrefreshed. Stress, irregular hours, caffeine, alcohol and late screens are common drivers. A fixed wake time and a wind-down without screens help more than chasing a perfect bedtime. Persistent insomnia that affects daily life is a GP conversation, including CBT for insomnia. Sleeping tablets are generally short-term only because of side effects and dependence. Loud snoring with gasping can be sleep apnoea and needs a different pathway. What causes insomnia? How much sleep do I actually need? What is the best first step? Are sleeping tablets a good idea? Why can't I sleep even when I am exhausted? Could a health condition be keeping me awake? Where can I get NHS help for sleep and mood?"},{"t":"Insulin","d":"Insulin is a hormone medicine that lowers blood glucose, essential in type 1 diabetes and sometimes needed in type 2 diabetes when tablets are not enough.","u":"/treatments/insulin/","s":"Treatment","x":"insulin Insulin is a hormone medicine that lowers blood glucose levels. It is essential for everyone with type 1 diabetes and is sometimes needed in type 2 diabetes once tablets are no longer enough. Insulin types vary by speed and duration, often combined in a basal-bolus regimen, and your diabetes team teaches injection technique and hypoglycaemia treatment. People with type 1 diabetes always need insulin to survive. People with type 2 diabetes may need insulin once tablets stop working well. Hypoglycaemia (a hypo) should be treated promptly with fast-acting glucose. Rotating injection sites helps prevent lumpy skin changes under the skin. Unopened insulin is stored in the fridge, while in-use pens last weeks at room temperature. What types of insulin are there? How do I treat a hypo (low blood sugar)? Does insulin cause weight gain? What should I do if I miss an insulin injection?"},{"t":"Iron blood tests (ferritin)","d":"Iron blood tests measure ferritin, serum iron and transferrin saturation to diagnose iron deficiency anaemia and guide GP treatment decisions.","u":"/tests/iron-blood-test/","s":"Test","x":"iron blood test Iron blood tests measure ferritin, which reflects your iron stores, alongside serum iron and transferrin saturation, to diagnose iron deficiency anaemia. Ferritin is usually low in deficiency but can appear normal if inflammation is present. Your GP treats the underlying cause and may prescribe iron supplements. Ferritin is the main marker of the body's iron stores. A low ferritin level usually indicates iron deficiency. A full blood count often shows microcytic anaemia alongside it. Heavy periods are a common cause of iron deficiency in women. Oral iron replacement is the standard first-line treatment. What does a low ferritin level mean? Can ferritin be normal even with iron deficiency? What are the side effects of iron tablets? When does iron deficiency need further investigation?"},{"t":"Iron deficiency anaemia","d":"Iron deficiency anaemia causes tiredness and breathlessness from low iron — symptoms, common causes, tablets, and when a GP should investigate.","u":"/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/","s":"Condition","x":"iron deficiency anaemia Iron deficiency anaemia happens when the body does not have enough iron to make healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen. It can cause tiredness, breathlessness and looking pale. It is common, found with a blood test, and usually treated effectively by treating the cause and replacing iron. It occurs when low iron means fewer healthy red blood cells. Common symptoms are tiredness, breathlessness and looking pale. It is diagnosed with a simple blood test. Treatment involves replacing iron and addressing the cause. What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia? What causes low iron? How is it treated? Which foods are high in iron?"},{"t":"Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)","d":"A plain-English guide to IBS — symptoms, common triggers, management and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/","s":"Condition","x":"irritable bowel syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, long-term condition affecting the digestive system. It can cause stomach cramps, bloating, and bouts of diarrhoea or constipation. The cause is not fully understood, and while there is no cure, symptoms can often be managed with changes to diet, lifestyle and stress. IBS commonly causes cramps, bloating and changes in bowel habit. Symptoms often come and go and can be linked to food or stress. It does not damage the bowel or lead to more serious disease. A GP should confirm the diagnosis and rule out other causes. What causes IBS? What foods trigger IBS? Is IBS dangerous? How is IBS treated? How long should symptoms last before I see a GP? Should I try a low-FODMAP diet? Can probiotics help? Could it be coeliac disease or IBD instead?"},{"t":"Itchy eyes","d":"Itchy eyes are usually caused by hay fever, dry eye or blepharitis, but a painful red eye with any vision change needs same-day eye assessment.","u":"/symptoms/itchy-eyes/","s":"Symptom","x":"itchy eyes Itchy eyes are most often caused by hay fever or other allergies that make the eyes itchy, watery and red. Dry eye and blepharitis (crusty eyelids) are other common causes. Simple allergic itch usually settles with antihistamine drops and avoiding triggers, but a painful red eye with vision change needs same-day medical assessment. Hay fever and other allergies are the most common cause of itchy eyes. Blepharitis causes crusty, inflamed eyelid margins alongside itching. Try not to rub itchy eyes, as this can worsen irritation and swelling. Contact lens wearers with a red eye should remove their lenses and seek advice. Vision loss combined with eye pain is a medical emergency. Why do my eyes get itchy in spring? What causes itchy eyes without allergies? Are decongestant eye drops safe to use long-term? What are the red flag symptoms for itchy eyes?"},{"t":"Itchy skin","d":"Itchy skin is usually caused by dry skin, eczema or hives, but persistent whole-body itching can signal liver, kidney or thyroid problems needing tests.","u":"/symptoms/itchy-skin/","s":"Symptom","x":"itchy skin Itchy skin, known medically as pruritus, is a common symptom with many causes, including dry skin, eczema, hives, insect bites, infections, and liver or kidney disease. Mild itch often responds to moisturisers, cool compresses, and antihistamines. See a GP if itching persists over 2 weeks, affects your whole body, or comes with a rash, jaundice, or weight loss. Itchy skin has many causes, and dry skin is the most common, especially in winter and older age. Eczema, hives, scabies, fungal infections, and insect bites are frequent triggers of itchy skin. Generalised itching without a visible rash may indicate liver, kidney, thyroid, or blood conditions. Emollients (moisturisers) and antihistamines help relieve mild itch, and a pharmacist can advise. Itch that disturbs sleep, lasts over 2 weeks, or affects the whole body needs GP assessment. What causes itchy skin? How can I relieve itchy skin at home? When is itchy skin a sign of something serious? Can medicines cause itchy skin? What is the difference between eczema itch and hives itch? Could scabies be causing my itch? Should I use antihistamines for itchy skin?"},{"t":"Jaundice","d":"Jaundice is yellowing of the skin and eyes from high bilirubin, with causes ranging from Gilbert's syndrome to liver disease and gallstones needing urgent care.","u":"/symptoms/jaundice/","s":"Symptom","x":"jaundice Jaundice is yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high bilirubin, a waste product from broken-down red blood cells. It always needs medical assessment, as causes range from harmless Gilbert's syndrome to serious liver disease or gallstones. See a GP the same day, or go to A&E if you also have severe pain, fever, or confusion. Jaundice makes the skin and sclera (eye whites) turn yellow, often noticed by others first. Dark urine and pale stools suggest a liver or obstructive cause rather than simple anaemia. Gallstones blocking the bile duct are a common cause of sudden jaundice with upper abdominal pain. Alcohol-related liver disease, hepatitis viruses, and fatty liver can all cause jaundice, and blood tests identify the cause. Newborn jaundice is common and usually benign, and follows a different assessment pathway from adult jaundice. What causes yellow skin and eyes? Is jaundice always serious? What is obstructive jaundice? Can alcohol cause jaundice? What tests are done for jaundice? Does jaundice cause itching?"},{"t":"Joint pain","d":"Joint pain is usually caused by injury, overuse or osteoarthritis and often eases with rest and simple painkillers. Persistent or swollen joints need a GP.","u":"/symptoms/joint-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"joint pain Joint pain is very common and often linked to injury, overuse or wear-and-tear conditions such as osteoarthritis. Rest, gentle movement and simple painkillers often help. Persistent, worsening or swollen joints need a GP assessment to rule out inflammatory arthritis or infection. Joint pain can affect one joint or many — knees, hips, hands and shoulders are common sites. Osteoarthritis and injury are frequent causes in adults. Morning stiffness lasting over 30 minutes may suggest inflammatory arthritis. Swollen, hot, red joints need prompt medical review. Weight loss, fever or night sweats with joint pain need urgent assessment. What is the most common cause of joint pain? When is joint pain an emergency? Can exercise help joint pain? Should I use heat or ice on a painful joint?"},{"t":"Kidney cancer","d":"Kidney cancer — symptoms including blood in urine, diagnosis with scans and biopsy, staging, and NHS treatment including surgery and targeted therapy.","u":"/conditions/kidney-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"kidney cancer Kidney cancer usually starts in the lining of the small tubes inside the kidney. The most common type is renal cell carcinoma. Early kidney cancer often has no symptoms — blood in urine, a lump in the side, or persistent back pain may appear as it grows. Diagnosis uses ultrasound, CT, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment depends on stage — surgery is the main curative option for localised disease; advanced cases may need targeted drugs or immunotherapy. About 13,000 new kidney cancer cases diagnosed in the UK each year — more common in people over 60. Renal cell carcinoma accounts for most kidney cancers — rarer types include transitional cell carcinoma. Blood in urine is the most common symptom — but many early cancers are found incidentally on scans. Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and family history increase risk. Surgery — partial or full nephrectomy — is standard treatment for localised kidney cancer. What are the early signs of kidney cancer? What causes kidney cancer? How is kidney cancer diagnosed? Is kidney cancer curable? Will I lose my kidney? What is the treatment for advanced kidney cancer? Can I prevent kidney cancer?"},{"t":"Kidney function tests","d":"Kidney function tests measure creatinine and eGFR levels in a blood sample, detecting chronic kidney disease early and tracking kidney health.","u":"/tests/kidney-function-test/","s":"Test","x":"kidney function test Kidney function is checked using creatinine and eGFR blood tests, which detect chronic kidney disease and help monitor the effects of certain medicines. Fasting is usually not required. A low eGFR result needs review by your GP, along with attention to controlling your blood pressure. eGFR is an estimate of how well the kidneys filter blood. Creatinine levels rise when the kidneys are underperforming. Chronic kidney disease is often silent until it is advanced. Good blood pressure control helps protect kidney function. Some medicine doses need adjusting in chronic kidney disease. What is eGFR? What causes kidney disease? What are the symptoms of chronic kidney disease? Can damaged kidneys recover?"},{"t":"Kidney infection","d":"Kidney infection (pyelonephritis) — symptoms, difference from cystitis, NHS antibiotics, and when to seek emergency care.","u":"/conditions/kidney-infection/","s":"Condition","x":"kidney infection A kidney infection (pyelonephritis) is a bacterial infection of the kidneys — usually when a bladder infection spreads upward. Symptoms include fever, flank pain (side of back), nausea, and urinary symptoms. Needs prompt antibiotics — often longer course than simple cystitis. Seek urgent care if very unwell, pregnant, or not improving on antibiotics — hospital IV treatment may be needed. Kidney infections are more serious than bladder infections (cystitis) — need longer antibiotic courses. Classic symptoms — fever, shivers, pain in side/back, and pain urinating. Women, pregnancy, diabetes, and kidney stones increase risk. E. coli causes most cases — same bacteria as many UTIs. Seek emergency care if unable to keep fluids down, confused, or severely unwell. What is the difference between a UTI and a kidney infection? How is a kidney infection treated? Can a kidney infection damage kidneys? How long does a kidney infection take to clear? Can kidney infections recur?"},{"t":"Kidney stones","d":"Kidney stones cause sudden severe loin or groin pain — what they feel like, pain relief, when to go to A&E, and how the NHS treats them.","u":"/conditions/kidney-stones/","s":"Condition","x":"kidney stones Kidney stones are hard lumps that can form in the kidneys from waste products in the blood. Small stones may pass on their own with pain relief and plenty of fluids, but larger ones can cause severe pain and may need treatment. Staying well hydrated helps prevent them. Kidney stones are hard deposits that form in the kidneys. Small stones may pass on their own; larger ones can need treatment. They can cause severe pain in the side, back or lower tummy. Drinking plenty of fluids helps prevent them. What does a kidney stone feel like? What causes kidney stones? How are kidney stones treated? How can I prevent kidney stones?"},{"t":"Knee pain","d":"Knee pain is often caused by overuse, sports injury or osteoarthritis. Learn the common causes, self-care that helps, and when locking or swelling needs a GP.","u":"/symptoms/knee-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"knee pain Knee pain is a common symptom, often caused by overuse, sports injury or osteoarthritis. Most cases settle with rest, ice and exercises to strengthen the muscles around the knee. See a GP if the knee locks, gives way, stays swollen or you cannot bear weight. Osteoarthritis is a common cause of knee pain in people over 50. Meniscus (cartilage) tears often follow a twisting injury to the knee. Patellofemoral pain, felt around the kneecap, commonly affects active people. Gout can cause sudden, painful swelling of the knee. A hot, red, swollen knee needs urgent same-day medical review. What is runner's knee? How do I know if my knee pain is arthritis? Should I exercise if I have knee pain? What is a locked knee?"},{"t":"Labyrinthitis","d":"Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis — sudden vertigo, nausea, and balance problems: causes, recovery, and when to seek urgent help.","u":"/conditions/labyrinthitis/","s":"Condition","x":"labyrinthitis Labyrinthitis is inner ear inflammation causing sudden severe vertigo (spinning), nausea, vomiting, and balance problems — often after a viral infection. Symptoms are intense for days then gradually improve over weeks. Vestibular neuritis is similar without hearing loss. See a GP to exclude stroke — vertigo with new headache, weakness, or speech problems needs emergency assessment. Vestibular rehabilitation exercises speed recovery. Labyrinthitis affects the inner ear balance and hearing organs — often viral, sometimes bacterial. Sudden onset vertigo lasting days to weeks — worse with head movement. Vestibular neuritis — vertigo without hearing loss; labyrinthitis may include hearing loss in affected ear. Most cases resolve without permanent damage — vestibular rehabilitation helps persistent imbalance. Stroke can mimic vertigo — BE FAST assessment if any neurological symptoms beyond vertigo. What is the difference between labyrinthitis and vertigo? How long does labyrinthitis last? What causes labyrinthitis? Will labyrinthitis go away on its own? Is labyrinthitis the same as vestibular neuritis? When is vertigo a sign of stroke?"},{"t":"Lactose intolerance","d":"Lactose intolerance — difficulty digesting milk sugar, symptoms after dairy, diagnosis, and managing diet without missing calcium.","u":"/conditions/lactose-intolerance/","s":"Condition","x":"lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance means insufficient lactase enzyme to break down lactose (milk sugar) — causing bloating, wind, cramps, and diarrhoea after dairy products. Different from milk allergy (immune reaction). Common in adults especially of East Asian, African, and South Asian background. Managed by reducing lactose, using lactose-free milk, or lactase enzyme tablets — not always needing complete dairy avoidance. Ensure adequate calcium from other sources if dairy limited. Lactose intolerance is very common globally — less common in Northern European populations with historical dairy farming. Symptoms start 30 minutes to 2 hours after lactose — bloating, wind, diarrhoea, cramps — not immediate like allergy. Milk allergy is immune-mediated — can cause rash, wheeze, anaphylaxis — more common in children. Hard cheeses and yoghurt often tolerated — lower lactose than fresh milk. Hydrogen breath test or trial elimination confirms diagnosis — not usually needing invasive tests. What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance? What is the difference between lactose intolerance and milk allergy? Can I still eat cheese if lactose intolerant? How is lactose intolerance diagnosed? Do lactase enzyme tablets work?"},{"t":"Laxatives","d":"Laxatives treat constipation by softening, bulking or stimulating the bowel, usually working within 1 to 3 days, alongside fluids, fibre and exercise.","u":"/treatments/laxatives/","s":"Treatment","x":"laxatives Laxatives are medicines that treat constipation by softening stool, bulking it up, or stimulating the bowel, and most work within 1 to 3 days. Lifestyle changes such as more fluids, fibre and exercise should be tried before laxatives. See a GP if constipation lasts more than 3 weeks, you have blood in your poo, or unexplained weight loss. Bulk-forming fibre supplements are often tried first as the safest option for long-term use. Osmotic laxatives such as lactulose and macrogol draw water into the bowel. Stimulant laxatives work quickly but should not be used long-term without advice. Laxatives are available from pharmacies, where a pharmacist can recommend the right type. Constipation lasting more than 3 weeks needs GP assessment rather than endless laxatives. What are the main types of laxatives? How long do laxatives take to work? Can I take laxatives every day? What should I try before taking laxatives? Can laxatives cause dehydration?"},{"t":"Lazy eye (amblyopia)","d":"A plain-English guide to lazy eye (amblyopia) in children — how it is found at eye tests and how it is treated, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.","u":"/conditions/lazy-eye/","s":"Condition","x":"lazy eye A lazy eye (amblyopia) is when vision in one eye does not develop properly in childhood, so the brain comes to rely on the other, stronger eye. It usually affects one eye and often has no obvious signs, which is why childhood eye checks are so important. Treatment, such as glasses and patching the stronger eye, works best when started early — ideally before the age of seven. Lazy eye is reduced vision in one eye that develops in childhood. It often has no obvious symptoms, so it is found at eye tests. Common causes are a squint, a need for glasses, or a childhood cataract. Treatment works best when started young, usually before age 7. How is a lazy eye treated? Can a lazy eye be fixed in adults? Is a lazy eye the same as a squint? How is a lazy eye found?"},{"t":"Leg pain","d":"Leg pain is usually caused by muscle strain or cramps, but one-sided swelling can signal DVT. Learn the common causes, self-care and when to get urgent help.","u":"/symptoms/leg-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"leg pain Leg pain is a common symptom that usually follows muscle strain or cramps and settles with rest and gentle stretching. Swelling in one calf can indicate a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and needs urgent assessment. A leg that suddenly becomes pale and cold is a medical emergency. Muscle strain and cramps are the most common causes of leg pain. Sciatica is nerve pain that radiates from the back down the leg. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) causes calf pain when walking that eases with rest. A swollen calf on one side may be a sign of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). A child with a persistent limp should always be checked by a doctor. What causes leg cramps at night? What is sciatica? When is leg pain caused by a circulation problem? When should a child with leg pain see a doctor?"},{"t":"Leukaemia","d":"Leukaemia — blood cancer types, symptoms like fatigue and bruising, diagnosis, and NHS treatments including chemotherapy and stem cell transplant.","u":"/conditions/leukaemia/","s":"Condition","x":"leukaemia Leukaemia is cancer of white blood cells in bone marrow — acute forms develop quickly and need urgent treatment; chronic forms progress more slowly. Symptoms include persistent tiredness, frequent infections, bruising or bleeding, bone pain, night sweats, and weight loss. Blood tests and bone marrow biopsy confirm diagnosis. Treatment depends on type — acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) commonest in children; acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in adults. See a GP urgently for unexplained bruising, bleeding, or severe fatigue with infections. About 10,000 new leukaemia cases in the UK each year — affects children and adults. Acute leukaemia — rapid onset, immature blast cells flood blood — medical emergency once diagnosed. Chronic leukaemia — often found incidentally on routine blood test — may be watch-and-wait initially. Childhood ALL has high cure rates — over 90% with modern protocols. Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant can cure selected high-risk or relapsed cases. What are the symptoms of leukaemia? What is the difference between acute and chronic leukaemia? How is leukaemia diagnosed? How is leukaemia treated? Can leukaemia be cured?"},{"t":"Liver cancer","d":"Liver cancer — primary and secondary types, symptoms including jaundice and weight loss, diagnosis, and NHS treatment including surgery and locoregional therapy.","u":"/conditions/liver-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"liver cancer Liver cancer can start in the liver (primary — most commonly hepatocellular carcinoma) or spread from elsewhere (secondary metastases). In the UK, secondary liver cancer is more common than primary. Primary liver cancer is strongly linked to cirrhosis from hepatitis B or C, alcohol, and fatty liver disease. Symptoms include jaundice, upper abdominal pain, weight loss, and swelling of the abdomen. Treatment depends on cancer type, liver function, and spread. Primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) is closely linked to cirrhosis — often from hepatitis, alcohol, or fatty liver disease. Secondary liver cancer — spread from bowel, breast, or lung cancer — is more common in the UK than primary liver cancer. Jaundice, upper abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, and abdominal swelling are key symptoms. Diagnosis uses blood tests including AFP, ultrasound, CT, and MRI — biopsy confirms type. Treatment ranges from surgery and liver transplant to ablation, chemoembolisation, and systemic therapy. What is the difference between primary and secondary liver cancer? What are the symptoms of liver cancer? What causes primary liver cancer? How is liver cancer diagnosed? Can liver cancer be cured? Who needs liver cancer surveillance? How is secondary liver cancer treated?"},{"t":"Liver cirrhosis","d":"Liver cirrhosis — scarring from alcohol, fatty liver and hepatitis, symptoms, complications, and NHS treatment to slow progression.","u":"/conditions/liver-cirrhosis/","s":"Condition","x":"liver cirrhosis Cirrhosis is advanced scarring of the liver — usually from long-term alcohol misuse, non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or chronic viral hepatitis. Early cirrhosis (compensated) may have no symptoms — picked up on blood tests or scan. Decompensated cirrhosis causes jaundice, ascites (fluid belly), leg swelling, confusion (hepatic encephalopathy), and vomiting blood. Stopping alcohol and treating underlying cause can stabilise some cases. See a GP if you have liver disease risk factors with fatigue, jaundice, or swelling — urgent same-day for vomiting blood or confusion. Cirrhosis affects thousands in the UK — alcohol-related liver disease and NAFLD are leading causes. Compensated cirrhosis — liver still functions — may be silent. Decompensated — complications appear — higher mortality. Liver cannot regenerate from cirrhosis — but removing cause (alcohol, hepatitis treatment) slows or halts progression. Ascites and varices (swollen veins) need specialist hepatology management — diuretics, endoscopy, sometimes transplant. Regular surveillance for liver cancer (HCC) with ultrasound every 6 months if cirrhosis confirmed. What causes liver cirrhosis? What are the symptoms of cirrhosis? Can cirrhosis be reversed? What is hepatic encephalopathy? When is liver transplant needed?"},{"t":"Liver function tests (LFTs)","d":"Liver function tests measure enzymes and proteins in the blood to detect liver inflammation, fatty liver disease and other liver conditions.","u":"/tests/liver-function-test/","s":"Test","x":"liver function test Liver function tests (LFTs) are blood tests that measure enzymes and proteins produced by the liver, helping to detect inflammation, fatty liver, alcohol-related liver disease and hepatitis. Fasting is often not required. Abnormal results need review by your GP and sometimes an ultrasound scan. ALT and AST levels indicate damage to liver cells. Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin are also measured in the test. Fatty liver is a common cause of a mild rise in results. Alcohol and certain medicines can affect LFT results. Hepatitis viruses are tested for separately from LFTs. What causes raised liver function tests? What does fatty liver look like on liver function tests? Do I need to stop drinking alcohol before a liver function test? What further tests might follow abnormal liver function tests?"},{"t":"Long COVID","d":"Long COVID means symptoms lasting weeks after COVID-19 — fatigue, brain fog and breathlessness are common. How the NHS assesses it and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/long-covid/","s":"Condition","x":"long covid Long COVID means symptoms that continue for more than 4 weeks after a COVID-19 infection, or new symptoms that develop after recovery. Common problems include extreme tiredness, breathlessness, brain fog and muscle aches. See a GP if symptoms are not improving — assessment and support are available on the NHS. Long COVID affects a minority of people after COVID-19 — estimates vary. Symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks may be long COVID; after 12 weeks it is often called post-COVID syndrome. Fatigue, breathlessness and brain fog are among the most reported symptoms. Symptoms can fluctuate — good days and bad days are common. GP assessment can rule out other causes and arrange referrals or rehabilitation. How long does long COVID last? What are the most common long COVID symptoms? How is long COVID diagnosed? What treatment is available for long COVID? Can vaccination prevent long COVID?"},{"t":"Loratadine","d":"Loratadine is a once-daily non-drowsy antihistamine used for hay fever, pet allergies and hives, available over the counter or on prescription.","u":"/treatments/loratadine/","s":"Treatment","x":"loratadine Loratadine is a once-daily, non-drowsy antihistamine used to relieve hay fever, pet allergy symptoms and hives (urticaria). It is available both over the counter and on prescription. It is generally well tolerated and causes less sedation than older, sedating antihistamines, making it suitable for daytime use. Adults usually take one standard-strength tablet of loratadine once daily. Loratadine is available both over the counter and on prescription. It is non-drowsy for most people, unlike older antihistamines. It is generally safe to take alongside most other medicines. Liquid formulations for children are dosed according to age. What is the difference between loratadine and chlorphenamine? Can I take loratadine every day throughout hay fever season? Can I take loratadine if I have asthma? What dose of loratadine can children have?"},{"t":"Loss of smell","d":"Loss of smell (anosmia) is often caused by colds, COVID-19 or sinus problems and usually returns as you recover. Find out what helps and when to see a GP.","u":"/symptoms/loss-of-smell/","s":"Symptom","x":"loss of smell Loss of smell (anosmia) is the reduced or absent ability to smell, most often caused by colds, COVID-19 or sinus problems. It is usually temporary and improves as the infection clears. See a GP if your sense of smell has not returned after a few weeks. Viral infections such as colds are a common cause of smell loss. COVID-19 frequently affects the sense of smell, usually temporarily. Nasal polyps can block odours from reaching the smell receptors. Working smoke and gas alarms are essential if you cannot smell. Smell training, sniffing distinct scents daily, may help recovery after viral smell loss. Why do I lose my sense of smell when I have a cold? Is loss of smell common after COVID-19? What is smell training and does it help? How can I stay safe if I have lost my sense of smell?"},{"t":"Loss of taste","d":"Loss of taste is often really a loss of smell from a cold or COVID-19 — other causes include medicines and thrush. Know what helps and when to see a GP.","u":"/symptoms/loss-of-taste/","s":"Symptom","x":"loss of taste Loss of taste is often actually a loss of smell, because much of flavour comes from the nose. Colds, COVID-19, medicines, oral thrush and ageing can all change taste. See a GP if taste changes persist, you have mouth problems, or you are losing weight without trying. Much of what we call \"taste\" is actually smell — blocked nose dulls flavour. Viral infections, including colds and COVID-19, commonly alter taste and smell. Medicines such as metformin and some antibiotics can cause a metallic taste. Oral thrush can change taste and needs antifungal treatment. Persistent taste loss with weight loss or mouth ulcers needs GP assessment. What is the difference between loss of taste and loss of smell? Can medicines cause a metallic taste? How do I know if oral thrush is affecting my taste? Will my taste come back after COVID-19 or a cold? When should a change in taste be investigated?"},{"t":"Low blood pressure (hypotension)","d":"Low blood pressure (hypotension) — what causes it, when dizziness on standing matters, and when readings below 90/60mmHg need a GP check.","u":"/conditions/low-blood-pressure/","s":"Condition","x":"low blood pressure Low blood pressure (hypotension) is a reading below 90/60mmHg. For many healthy people it causes no problems and needs no treatment. It matters when it causes symptoms — dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting, especially on standing — or when it results from dehydration, medicines, or another condition. See a GP if you keep feeling dizzy or faint. Low blood pressure is a reading below 90/60mmHg — harmless in many people. Common causes include dehydration, some medicines (including blood pressure tablets), pregnancy and heart or hormone conditions. Dizziness on standing up (postural hypotension) becomes more common with age. Treatment targets the cause — often a medicines review, more fluids, or standing up slowly. Call 999 if low blood pressure comes with chest pain, severe breathlessness, confusion, or a fast weak pulse. What causes low blood pressure? Why do I feel dizzy when I stand up? Is low blood pressure dangerous? How can I raise low blood pressure?"},{"t":"Low mood","d":"Low mood is common after stress and usually lifts, but feeling down most days for two weeks may be depression. Learn self-help steps and when to see a GP.","u":"/symptoms/low-mood-symptom/","s":"Symptom","x":"low mood symptom Low mood is a feeling of sadness that is common after stress or difficult events and usually passes. If it lasts most days for two weeks, or comes with sleep or appetite changes, see a GP as it may be depression. Thoughts of self-harm need emergency help. Depression is a treatable condition, and effective help is available. You can refer yourself to NHS talking therapies (IAPT) in England. Regular exercise and social connection can help to lift low mood. Antidepressants such as SSRIs take several weeks to start working. Crisis support is available 24 hours a day, every day. What is the difference between low mood and depression? Can I get talking therapy on the NHS? When are antidepressants used for low mood? What should I do if I have suicidal thoughts?"},{"t":"Low testosterone","d":"Low testosterone (male hypogonadism) — symptoms, causes, blood test diagnosis, NHS treatment options, and when low T is normal with ageing.","u":"/conditions/low-testosterone/","s":"Condition","x":"low testosterone Low testosterone (hypogonadism) means the body produces insufficient testosterone — causing fatigue, low libido, mood changes, reduced muscle, and sometimes erectile dysfunction. Diagnosis requires symptoms plus two low morning blood tests — a single low result is not enough. Causes include obesity, diabetes, medicines, pituitary problems, and age-related decline. NHS testosterone replacement helps when properly diagnosed — not for anti-ageing use in healthy older men. Testosterone naturally falls about 1% per year after age 30 — but pathologically low levels need specific criteria. Diagnosis requires consistent symptoms plus two separate low morning testosterone blood tests. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and sleep apnoea commonly lower testosterone — treating these may restore levels. Testosterone replacement is not recommended for vague ageing symptoms without confirmed deficiency. TRT suppresses sperm production — important if you want children; fertility treatments differ. What are the symptoms of low testosterone? What testosterone level is considered low? Does low testosterone cause weight gain? Can low testosterone cause erectile dysfunction? How is low testosterone treated on the NHS? Does testosterone replacement cause prostate cancer? Can I boost testosterone naturally? Will testosterone replacement help me build muscle? How is low testosterone diagnosed in the UK? Does TRT affect fertility?"},{"t":"Lump in neck","d":"A neck lump is most often a swollen gland after infection, but a painless lump lasting over two weeks needs GP assessment, especially in smokers.","u":"/symptoms/lump-in-neck/","s":"Symptom","x":"lump in neck A lump in the neck is most often a swollen lymph gland reacting to an infection, and these tender lumps usually settle within two weeks. A painless lump that persists for more than two weeks needs GP assessment, particularly in smokers, because it can occasionally be a sign of head and neck cancer. Swollen lymph glands reacting to infection are the most common cause of neck lumps. Thyroid nodules are common and are usually assessed with ultrasound and blood tests. Glandular fever can cause gland swelling in the neck that lasts longer than usual. Smoking increases the risk of head and neck cancer. Suspicious neck lumps are referred on the urgent two-week wait pathway. Why are the glands in my neck swollen? What happens if I find a lump on my thyroid? What are the signs that a neck lump could be cancer? Can glandular fever cause a lump in the neck?"},{"t":"Lung cancer","d":"Lung cancer — symptoms, who should seek chest X-ray, diagnosis, staging, and NHS treatment including surgery and immunotherapy.","u":"/conditions/lung-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"lung cancer Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the UK — strongly linked to smoking but also affects never-smokers. Red flag symptoms include persistent cough over 3 weeks, coughing blood, breathlessness, chest pain, weight loss, and repeated chest infections. Chest X-ray is first investigation — CT and biopsy confirm. Treatment depends on type (small cell vs non-small cell) and stage — surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted drugs, and immunotherapy. See a GP urgently for coughing blood or persistent new cough if you smoke or smoked. About 85% of lung cancers in UK linked to tobacco — quitting reduces risk but former smokers remain at elevated risk for years. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is most common — small cell lung cancer spreads faster and treated differently. Targeted lung cancer screening with low-dose CT offered to high-risk smokers in England pilot areas — not universal yet. Persistent cough over 3 weeks with smoking history warrants chest X-ray — NICE guidance. Never-smokers can develop lung cancer — often adenocarcinoma with targetable mutations. What are the early signs of lung cancer? Can non-smokers get lung cancer? How is lung cancer diagnosed? Is lung cancer curable? Should I get screened for lung cancer?"},{"t":"Lungs and breathing","d":"Clear guides to lung and breathing conditions, including asthma, COPD and chest infections — the causes of breathlessness and cough, tests and treatments.","u":"/topics/lungs-and-breathing/","s":"Topic","x":"asthma bronchiolitis bronchitis chest infection copd covid 19 croup cystic fibrosis flu long covid lung cancer pneumonia pulmonary embolism rsv sleep apnoea tuberculosis whooping cough cough shortness of breath snoring wheezing covid 19 vaccine flu vaccine inhalers prednisolone x ray"},{"t":"Lupus","d":"Lupus (SLE) — butterfly rash, joint pain, fatigue, diagnosis with blood tests, and NHS treatment with hydroxychloroquine and specialist care.","u":"/conditions/lupus/","s":"Condition","x":"lupus Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks healthy tissues — causing joint pain, skin rashes (often butterfly-shaped across cheeks), fatigue, and flares triggered by sun exposure. Diagnosis combines symptoms with blood tests including ANA antibodies. Hydroxychloroquine is cornerstone treatment; flares need specialist management. See a GP if you have persistent joint pain with rash or sun sensitivity. Lupus affects roughly 1 in 1,000 people in the UK — women far more than men, often diagnosed aged 15 to 45. Classic malar (butterfly) rash across cheeks and nose worsens with UV light — sun protection is essential. ANA test is sensitive but not specific — diagnosis requires clinical pattern plus other antibodies. Hydroxychloroquine reduces flares and long-term damage — requires eye screening. Lupus can affect kidneys, brain, and blood — severe organ involvement needs urgent rheumatology. What are the first signs of lupus? Is lupus fatal? What is the butterfly rash in lupus? How is lupus diagnosed? What triggers lupus flares? Can you work with lupus?"},{"t":"Lyme disease","d":"Lyme disease — tick bites, erythema migrans rash, diagnosis, antibiotic treatment, and prevention when walking in wooded areas.","u":"/conditions/lyme-disease/","s":"Condition","x":"lyme disease Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread by infected tick bites — common in UK woodland and moorland areas. Early sign is expanding circular red rash (erythema migrans) often with flu-like illness. Treated with antibiotics — doxycycline or amoxicillin — usually full recovery if caught early. Not all tick bites cause Lyme — remove ticks promptly with tick remover. See a GP if rash or illness after tick bite — blood tests support diagnosis but rash alone can start treatment. Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia bacteria transmitted by Ixodes tick bites — peak spring and summer. Erythema migrans — bullseye or expanding red rash — appears 1 to 4 weeks post bite — diagnostic — treat without waiting for blood test. Not every tick carries Borrelia — estimated 2 to 10% in UK tick population depending on area. Remove ticks within 24 to 36 hours reduces transmission risk — fine-tipped tweezers or tick tool — do not squeeze body. Chronic symptoms after treatment controversial — post-Lyme syndrome debated — prolonged antibiotics not recommended without evidence of ongoing infection. What are the symptoms of Lyme disease? How do you remove a tick? How is Lyme disease diagnosed? What antibiotics treat Lyme disease? Can Lyme disease be chronic?"},{"t":"Lymphoma","d":"Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma — swollen glands, B symptoms, diagnosis, and NHS treatment including chemotherapy and radiotherapy.","u":"/conditions/lymphoma/","s":"Condition","x":"lymphoma Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system — Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are the two main groups. Common sign is persistent painless swollen lymph nodes in neck, armpits, or groin — especially if over 2 weeks without infection cause. B symptoms — drenching night sweats, unexplained weight loss over 10%, fever — suggest more aggressive disease. Diagnosis needs lymph node biopsy — not just blood tests. Most Hodgkin lymphoma is curable; NHL outcomes vary by subtype. See a GP for lump lasting over 2 weeks or B symptoms. About 14,000 new lymphoma cases in the UK each year — one of the commonest cancers in young adults (Hodgkin). Hodgkin lymphoma — Reed-Sternberg cells on biopsy — highly curable with chemo ± radiotherapy. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma — many subtypes — diffuse large B-cell most common aggressive NHL. Painless persistent lymph node over 2 weeks without obvious infection needs biopsy — NICE 2-week wait. Many lymphomas are curable or controllable long term — depends on type and stage. What is the difference between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma? What are the symptoms of lymphoma? How is lymphoma diagnosed? How is lymphoma treated? Can lymphoma come back after treatment?"},{"t":"Making treatment decisions with your healthcare professional","d":"Prepare for a conversation about treatment options, benefits, risks and what matters to you, with a simple worksheet for your appointment.","u":"/guides/making-treatment-decisions/","s":"Guide","x":"making treatment decisions Shared decision-making means discussing care options with your healthcare professional using both the evidence and what matters to you. Ask about benefits, harms, alternatives and the consequences of waiting or making no change. Agree the next step and when to review it. This guide helps you prepare a conversation; it does not choose a treatment. Explain the outcome that matters most in your day-to-day life. Ask your healthcare professional which options are suitable for your situation. Write down the agreed next step and who to contact with questions. What if I do not feel ready to decide? Is this a patient decision aid?"},{"t":"Mammogram","d":"A mammogram is a breast X-ray used in NHS screening to detect breast cancer early, offered to women aged 50 to 71 every three years in England.","u":"/tests/mammogram/","s":"Test","x":"mammogram A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast used to detect cancer early, often before it can be felt. The NHS Breast Screening Programme invites women aged 50 to 71 for a mammogram every three years. The breast is briefly compressed to take clear images, which can feel uncomfortable but is normal. Mammograms can detect cancers too small to feel by hand. Women are invited from age 50 to 71 every 3 years in England. Higher breast density may mean additional imaging is needed. Some cancers are missed, so report new symptoms at any time. A family history of breast cancer may warrant earlier surveillance. Does a mammogram hurt? Is there a radiation risk from mammograms? Can women under 50 have breast screening? What happens after an abnormal mammogram?"},{"t":"ME/CFS: symptoms and NHS care","d":"ME/CFS — persistent exhaustion not relieved by rest, post-exertional malaise, NHS diagnosis, pacing, and specialist management.","u":"/conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/","s":"Condition","x":"chronic fatigue syndrome Myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a long-term condition causing extreme tiredness that does not improve with rest and worsens after physical or mental activity (post-exertional malaise). Other symptoms include unrefreshing sleep, cognitive difficulties, pain, and dizziness. There is no cure, but pacing activity, managing sleep, and treating specific symptoms help many people. Diagnosis is clinical — other causes of fatigue must be excluded first. ME/CFS causes debilitating fatigue lasting 3 months or more — not explained by another condition and not relieved by rest. Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is hallmark — symptoms worsen 24 to 72 hours after physical or mental exertion. Affects an estimated 250,000 people in the UK — can follow viral illness including COVID-19. No diagnostic blood test — diagnosis is clinical after excluding other causes such as thyroid disease, anaemia, and sleep apnoea. Pacing activity within energy limits is the cornerstone of management — graded exercise therapy is not recommended. What is ME/CFS? What is post-exertional malaise? What are the other symptoms of ME/CFS? How is ME/CFS diagnosed? What treatments help ME/CFS? Can ME/CFS follow COVID-19? Is ME/CFS the same as being tired? Can people with ME/CFS work or study?"},{"t":"Measles","d":"Measles — symptoms, highly contagious spread, MMR vaccine, complications, and when to seek urgent medical help.","u":"/conditions/measles/","s":"Condition","x":"measles Measles is a highly contagious viral illness causing fever, cough, red eyes, and a distinctive red-brown rash that spreads from face downward. Most common in unvaccinated children but can affect adults severely. MMR vaccine provides excellent protection — two doses in childhood. Complications include pneumonia and encephalitis — rare but serious. Phone GP before visiting if suspected — isolate to protect others. Measles spreads through coughs and sneezes — infects about 90% of unvaccinated close contacts. Koplik spots — small white spots inside cheeks — appear before rash and help diagnosis. MMR vaccine at 12 months and 3 years 4 months — catch-up vaccination available for unvaccinated. Pregnant women without immunity are at risk — measles in pregnancy can harm the baby. One in 15 children develop complications — pneumonia most common serious one in UK. What are the first signs of measles? How long is measles contagious? Can adults get measles? Is there a treatment for measles? How effective is the MMR vaccine? What complications can measles cause?"},{"t":"Medicines in pregnancy and breastfeeding","d":"How to check prescription, pharmacy, herbal and over-the-counter medicines during pregnancy or breastfeeding without stopping essential treatment abruptly.","u":"/treatments/medicines-in-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding/","s":"Treatment","x":"medicines in pregnancy and breastfeeding Check every medicine with a pharmacist, midwife, GP or specialist during pregnancy and breastfeeding, including pharmacy and herbal products. Do not stop prescribed medicine suddenly without advice, because untreated illness can also harm you or the baby. The safest choice depends on the medicine, dose, timing and reason it is needed. Tell every prescriber, dentist and pharmacist about pregnancy or breastfeeding. \"Natural\" and herbal products are not automatically safe. Pre-pregnancy medicine review is important for long-term conditions. Can I take paracetamol during pregnancy? Should I stop antidepressants when pregnant? Do medicines pass into breast milk?"},{"t":"Melanoma skin cancer","d":"Melanoma — dangerous skin cancer from moles, ABCDE warning signs, diagnosis, and NHS treatment including surgery and immunotherapy.","u":"/conditions/melanoma/","s":"Condition","x":"melanoma Melanoma is the most serious skin cancer — develops from melanocytes often in existing or new moles. Warning signs include asymmetry, irregular borders, colour variation, diameter over 6mm, and evolution (changing). See a GP within 2 weeks for suspicious mole — urgent referral on 2-week wait pathway. Thin melanomas cured by excision; advanced disease treated with immunotherapy (nivolumab, pembrolizumab). Protect skin from sunburn — major preventable risk factor. Melanoma accounts for most skin cancer deaths despite being less common than basal cell and squamous cell cancers. ABCDE rule helps identify suspicious moles — evolution (change) is most important single sign. UK incidence rising — sunburn in childhood and sunbed use increase risk. Excision biopsy with histology confirms — never shave suspicious pigmented lesions. Stage at diagnosis predicts prognosis — thin melanoma (<1mm) has excellent survival. What does melanoma look like? What is the ABCDE rule for moles? Is melanoma curable? Does sunburn cause melanoma? Should I worry about every mole?"},{"t":"Memory problems","d":"Memory problems are often caused by stress, depression or normal ageing, but persistent decline that affects daily life needs a GP cognitive assessment.","u":"/symptoms/memory-problems/","s":"Symptom","x":"memory problems Memory problems are often caused by stress, depression or normal ageing rather than dementia. Mild lapses, such as occasionally misplacing your keys, are a normal part of getting older. See a GP for a cognitive assessment if memory decline is persistent, is affecting daily life, or is worrying your family. Mild memory lapses are a normal part of ageing. Depression can mimic dementia by affecting memory and concentration. Dementia causes a progressive decline in memory and thinking. Vitamin B12 deficiency and thyroid problems are treatable causes of memory problems. Early diagnosis of dementia helps with planning ahead. What kind of forgetfulness is normal? Can depression cause memory problems? What tests are used to assess memory problems? How can I protect my memory as I get older?"},{"t":"Men's health","d":"Prostate, testicular lumps, erectile dysfunction, heart-risk checks and the appointments many men put off.","u":"/mens-health/","s":"Topic","x":"men mens health prostate testicular lump erectile dysfunction PSA testosterone hair loss NHS health check"},{"t":"Meningitis","d":"How to recognise meningitis and septicaemia — symptoms in babies, children and adults, and when to call 999.","u":"/conditions/meningitis/","s":"Condition","x":"meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by infection. It can kill within hours. Call 999 for a non-blanching rash, stiff neck with fever, severe headache, confusion, or a baby who is floppy, refusing feeds, or has a bulging soft spot. Meningitis can be caused by viruses or bacteria — bacterial meningitis is the most dangerous. The glass test — a rash that does not fade when pressed — needs emergency help. Meningitis vaccines are part of the routine UK childhood schedule. Symptoms can develop very quickly — trust your instincts if someone seems seriously unwell. Septicaemia (blood poisoning) often occurs alongside bacterial meningitis. What is the meningitis glass test? What are meningitis symptoms in babies? Can meningitis be prevented by vaccination? What is the difference between viral and bacterial meningitis? What is septicaemia?"},{"t":"Menopause","d":"Menopause is when periods stop, usually between 45 and 55. Know the symptoms, how HRT helps, and when to see a GP. Reviewed by UK doctors.","u":"/conditions/menopause/","s":"Condition","x":"menopause The menopause is when periods stop and the ovaries stop releasing eggs, usually between the ages of 45 and 55. The years of changing hormones around it can cause symptoms such as hot flushes, mood changes and disturbed sleep. There is effective support available, including lifestyle measures and treatments like HRT. The menopause usually happens between ages 45 and 55. The transition (perimenopause) can cause a range of symptoms. Common symptoms include hot flushes, mood changes and poor sleep. Effective support is available, including lifestyle measures and HRT. What are the symptoms of the menopause? What is the difference between perimenopause and menopause? Is HRT safe? What can help with symptoms besides medication? How do I know if my HRT is working? What if I cannot take HRT — what actually works? Does menopause make ADHD worse? Do I still need contraception?"},{"t":"Mental health","d":"Anxiety, depression, stress, therapy, crisis helplines and NHS talking therapies — all in one place.","u":"/mental-health/","s":"Topic","x":"mental health mental anxiety depression stress therapy talking therapies counselling CBT IAPT ADHD insomnia panic PTSD bipolar eating disorders family carers loved one teenager young people CAMHS"},{"t":"Metformin","d":"Metformin lowers blood sugar in type 2 diabetes and helps with PCOS; how to take it safely, common side effects, and when to see a GP about them.","u":"/treatments/metformin/","s":"Treatment","x":"metformin Metformin is the first-choice medicine for type 2 diabetes — it lowers blood sugar by reducing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin sensitivity. It also helps some women with PCOS. Common side effects include nausea and diarrhoea, often settling after a few weeks. Take it with food and follow your prescribed dose. Metformin is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes alongside diet and exercise. It does not cause low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) when taken alone. Common side effects such as stomach upset often improve if you start on a low dose. It may need to be paused before surgery or contrast CT scans, so follow medical advice. It is not used for type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis. What is metformin used for? How should I take metformin? What are the side effects of metformin? Can metformin cause low blood sugar? What is lactic acidosis with metformin?"},{"t":"Migraine","d":"Migraine is more than a bad headache — throbbing pain, nausea and light sensitivity, plus NHS treatments and when to seek urgent help.","u":"/conditions/migraine/","s":"Condition","x":"migraine A migraine is more than a headache. It usually causes a moderate-to-severe throbbing pain, often on one side of the head, and can come with feeling sick, being sick and sensitivity to light or sound. Most attacks last between 4 hours and 3 days. Migraine is a common neurological condition, not just a bad headache. Attacks often involve throbbing pain, nausea and sensitivity to light or sound. Some people get warning signs (an \"aura\"), such as visual disturbances. Triggers vary from person to person; keeping a diary can help identify yours. Is a migraine the same as a bad headache? What is a migraine aura? What are common migraine triggers? Can migraines be cured? How long does a migraine last? When should I see a GP about migraine? Can painkillers make migraine worse? Do migraines improve with age or after menopause? What can I take during an attack?"},{"t":"Miscarriage","d":"Miscarriage — early pregnancy loss, symptoms, NHS care, emotional support, and when to seek emergency help.","u":"/conditions/miscarriage/","s":"Condition","x":"miscarriage Miscarriage is loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks — most common in first trimester, affecting about 1 in 8 confirmed pregnancies. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding and cramping — but bleeding in pregnancy is common and not always miscarriage. Early pregnancy unit assessment with scan confirms. Most miscarriages complete naturally; some need medical or surgical management. Emotional impact is significant — support available through GP and charities. Seek emergency care for heavy bleeding, severe pain, or fainting. About 1 in 8 pregnancies end in miscarriage — most in first 12 weeks — often chromosomal abnormalities. Vaginal bleeding affects up to 1 in 4 pregnancies — always contact early pregnancy unit or maternity triage. Threatened miscarriage — bleeding but scan shows ongoing pregnancy — may continue normally. Three consecutive miscarriages warrants recurrent miscarriage clinic referral — many causes treatable. Miscarriage is not caused by stress, exercise, or sex in normal pregnancy — chromosomal chance event usually. What are the signs of miscarriage? What causes miscarriage? How is miscarriage managed? How long after miscarriage can I try again? When is recurrent miscarriage investigated?"},{"t":"Missed period","d":"A missed period is most often caused by pregnancy, stress, weight change, PCOS or thyroid disease — see a GP after three missed periods in a row.","u":"/symptoms/missed-period/","s":"Symptom","x":"missed period A missed period is often caused by pregnancy, stress, significant weight change, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or thyroid disease. Take a pregnancy test first if you are sexually active, as pregnancy is the most common cause. See a GP if you have missed three periods in a row, which is known as amenorrhoea. Pregnancy is the most common cause of a missed period in people who are sexually active. Stress and significant weight loss can disrupt the menstrual cycle. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of irregular periods. Thyroid disease can affect menstruation and cause missed periods. An absence of periods for three months is known as amenorrhoea. How late can a period be and still be normal? Can stress stop your periods? What is PCOS and how is it diagnosed? Is it normal to have no bleed while on the pill?"},{"t":"Missed pill: what to do next","d":"What to do after a missed combined or progestogen-only pill depends on the brand and timing. Check NHS or packet rules the same day — do not guess.","u":"/treatments/missed-contraceptive-pill/","s":"Treatment","x":"missed contraceptive pill A missed pill is not one rule for every pack. Combined and progestogen-only pills have different late windows, and some progestogen-only brands differ from each other. Take advice from the NHS missed-pill pages, the packet, a pharmacist or a sexual health clinic the same day if you had unprotected sex. Combined and progestogen-only pills have different missed-pill rules. Some progestogen-only pills have a 3-hour window; others are 12 hours — check your brand. Emergency contraception may be needed after some missed-pill situations. Ulipristal emergency contraception can affect restarting hormonal contraception. Should I take two pills after missing one? Do I need emergency contraception? How long should I use condoms afterwards? What if I am sick or have diarrhoea? Where can I get emergency contraception quickly?"},{"t":"Mole changes","d":"A changing mole can be a sign of melanoma — use the ABCDE guide and see a GP urgently for any mole that changes shape, colour or size, or bleeds.","u":"/symptoms/mole-changes/","s":"Symptom","x":"mole changes Most moles are harmless, but a changing mole can be a sign of melanoma — the most serious type of skin cancer. See a GP urgently for a mole that changes shape, colour, size or bleeds, or looks different from your other moles. The ABCDE guide helps identify concerning features. Melanoma is highly treatable when caught early. Melanoma is less common than other skin cancers but more likely to spread if missed. The UK has about 16,000 melanoma cases a year, and incidence is rising. Sun exposure and a history of sunburn increase melanoma risk, especially in fair skin. The ABCDE guide helps identify moles that need assessment. A GP should examine any mole you are worried about — do not wait. What is the ABCDE guide for moles? What does melanoma look like? Are all changing moles cancer? How can I reduce my skin cancer risk? What happens if a mole is suspicious?"},{"t":"Mounjaro: NHS eligibility and side effects","d":"Mounjaro (tirzepatide) is a once-weekly weight-loss injection now prescribed by GPs in England. Who qualifies on the NHS, side effects, and how to get it safely.","u":"/treatments/mounjaro-tirzepatide/","s":"Treatment","x":"mounjaro tirzepatide Mounjaro (tirzepatide) is a once-weekly weight-loss injection available on the NHS for people with a BMI of 40 or more — 37.5 for some ethnic backgrounds — who also have at least four weight-related conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease or sleep apnoea. GPs in England have been able to prescribe it since June 2025. Mounjaro is a once-weekly injection that targets two gut hormones (GLP-1 and GIP) to reduce appetite. NHS criteria — BMI 40+ (37.5+ for some ethnic backgrounds) plus at least four of five weight-related conditions. GPs in England have prescribed it since June 2025; NHS England is rolling it out to around 220,000 patients over three years. In trials, people lost 20.2% of body weight on average at 72 weeks — versus 13.7% on semaglutide. Never buy Mounjaro from social media or unregistered websites — unregulated \"skinny jabs\" have caused serious harm in the UK. What are the most common side effects of Mounjaro? How much weight do people lose on Mounjaro? Can my GP prescribe Mounjaro? How much does Mounjaro cost?"},{"t":"Mouth ulcers","d":"A plain-English guide to mouth ulcers — causes, how to ease them, and when to get one checked.","u":"/conditions/mouth-ulcers/","s":"Condition","x":"mouth ulcers Mouth ulcers are small, painful sores inside the mouth. They are very common, usually harmless, and most heal by themselves within a week or two. Pharmacy treatments can ease the pain — but any ulcer lasting more than 3 weeks should be checked. Mouth ulcers are common, painful sores inside the mouth. Most heal on their own within 1 to 2 weeks. Pharmacy gels and rinses can ease the pain. An ulcer lasting more than 3 weeks should always be checked. What causes mouth ulcers? How do I get rid of a mouth ulcer fast? Are mouth ulcers contagious? When should I worry about a mouth ulcer?"},{"t":"MRI scan","d":"An MRI scan uses magnets and radio waves, not radiation, to produce detailed images of the brain, spine, joints and soft tissues inside the body.","u":"/tests/mri-scan/","s":"Test","x":"mri scan An MRI scan is a type of imaging test that uses magnets and radio waves, not radiation, to produce detailed images of the brain, spine, joints and soft tissues. The scanner is tunnel-like and makes loud knocking noises, so ear protection is provided. Tell staff about any implants, claustrophobia or pregnancy beforehand. An MRI scan does not use any ionising radiation. Some metal implants can make MRI scanning unsafe. Gadolinium contrast dye is sometimes used to improve images. A typical MRI scan takes between 20 and 60 minutes. Some centres offer open MRI scanners for people with claustrophobia. Is an MRI scan safe if you have a pacemaker? What can you do if you are claustrophobic during an MRI scan? Why is an MRI scanner so loud? What is the difference between an MRI scan and a CT scan?"},{"t":"Multiple sclerosis","d":"Multiple sclerosis (MS) — symptoms, relapsing and progressive types, diagnosis with MRI, and NHS disease-modifying treatments.","u":"/conditions/multiple-sclerosis/","s":"Condition","x":"multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the myelin coating of nerves in the brain and spinal cord — causing vision problems, numbness, weakness, balance issues, and fatigue in episodes or progressively. Most common neurological disease in young adults — diagnosis typically 20s to 40s. MRI and neurology assessment confirm. Disease-modifying drugs reduce relapses — no cure yet but outcomes improving. See a GP urgently for sudden vision loss in one eye or new neurological symptoms lasting over 24 hours. MS affects about 130,000 people in the UK — women twice as often as men. Relapsing-remitting MS is most common — attacks then partial recovery; primary progressive MS worsens steadily from start. Optic neuritis — painful vision loss one eye — common first presentation needing urgent neurology. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) — ocrelizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate etc. — reduce relapse rate and disability accumulation. Heat often worsens symptoms temporarily (Uhthoff phenomenon) — not new relapse. What are the first signs of MS? What causes multiple sclerosis? Is there a cure for MS? What is the difference between relapsing and progressive MS? Does MS affect life expectancy?"},{"t":"Mumps","d":"Mumps — swollen parotid glands, symptoms, MMR prevention, complications including orchitis, and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/mumps/","s":"Condition","x":"mumps Mumps is a viral infection causing painful swelling of the parotid salivary glands below the ears — puffy cheeks and jaw. Spread through saliva; contagious before swelling appears. MMR vaccine prevents most cases. Usually resolves in 1 to 2 weeks but can cause orchitis (painful testicles) in post-puberty males and meningitis rarely. Stay home 5 days after swelling starts. Not treatable with antibiotics. Mumps spreads through saliva — coughing, kissing, sharing cups — like glandular fever. Swelling of one or both parotid glands — in front of and below ear — is characteristic. MMR vaccine at 12 months and preschool — part of measles-mumps-rubella protection. Orchitis affects up to 1 in 4 males after puberty — painful swollen testicle — fertility impact usually minimal. Stay off school or work 5 days from onset of parotid swelling to reduce spread. What are the symptoms of mumps? How long does mumps last? Can mumps make you infertile? Is there a treatment for mumps? Does MMR vaccine prevent mumps?"},{"t":"Muscle pain","d":"Muscle pain (myalgia) is usually caused by overuse, tension or viral illness and eases with rest — severe pain with dark urine needs urgent review.","u":"/symptoms/muscle-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"muscle pain Muscle pain (myalgia) is usually caused by overuse, tension, minor injury or viral infections. It often improves with rest, hydration and simple pain relief. See a GP if pain is severe or lasts more than a few weeks, and seek urgent help for widespread pain with weakness or dark urine. Muscle pain often follows exercise, poor posture or physical work. Viral illnesses such as flu commonly cause generalised muscle aching. Fibromyalgia causes long-term widespread muscle pain and fatigue. Statins and some medicines can cause muscle aches — discuss with a GP. Dark urine with severe muscle pain may indicate rhabdomyolysis — seek urgent help. Why do muscles ache after exercise? Can stress cause muscle pain? When could muscle pain be serious? What helps general muscle aches from a cold or flu?"},{"t":"Nappy rash","d":"How to recognise and treat nappy rash, which creams may help, and when a sore or spreading rash needs a health visitor or GP.","u":"/conditions/nappy-rash/","s":"Condition","x":"nappy rash Nappy rash is irritated skin in the nappy area. Frequent changes, gentle cleaning, careful drying and a thin barrier cream usually help. Seek advice if it is worsening, spreading, causing marked discomfort, or accompanied by fever, blisters or signs of infection. Moisture, friction and contact with wee or poo are common triggers. Avoid fragranced products, talcum powder and antiseptics. Thrush or bacterial infection sometimes needs prescribed treatment. What is the fastest way to soothe nappy rash? Could nappy rash be thrush? Should I use talcum powder?"},{"t":"Naproxen","d":"Naproxen is an NSAID painkiller that reduces pain and inflammation; how to take it safely, side effects, and heart, kidney and stomach cautions.","u":"/treatments/naproxen/","s":"Treatment","x":"naproxen Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that reduces pain, swelling and inflammation. It is used for conditions such as arthritis, gout and period pain. It should be taken with food because it can irritate the stomach, and it is not suitable for everyone, so check with a GP or pharmacist if you have kidney, heart or asthma problems. Naproxen is an NSAID that reduces pain, swelling and inflammation. It is longer acting than ibuprofen and is often taken twice daily. It carries a risk of stomach irritation and bleeding, so it is taken with food. A stomach-protecting medicine (PPI) may be prescribed alongside it if your risk is higher. It can cause fluid retention and a rise in blood pressure in some people. It should be avoided by people with severe heart failure. What is the difference between naproxen and ibuprofen? Do I need stomach protection when taking naproxen? Does naproxen increase the risk of a heart attack? Can I take naproxen during pregnancy?"},{"t":"Neck pain","d":"Neck pain is usually caused by muscle strain or poor posture and settles within a few weeks — a stiff neck with fever needs urgent assessment for meningitis.","u":"/symptoms/neck-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"neck pain Neck pain is usually caused by muscle strain, poor posture or sleeping awkwardly and settles within a few weeks with gentle movement and pain relief. A stiff neck with fever and headache needs urgent assessment for meningitis. See a GP if pain follows an injury, spreads to arms with tingling, or lasts more than 6 weeks. Most neck pain is muscular and not a sign of serious disease. Prolonged looking down at phones and desk screens strains the neck muscles. Gentle movement helps — complete bed rest usually makes stiffness worse. Meningitis can cause neck stiffness with fever — this is an emergency. Whiplash after a car accident should be assessed even if pain is delayed. What causes neck pain without injury? How should I sleep with neck pain? Is it safe to exercise with neck pain? When is neck pain a sign of meningitis? Can stress cause neck pain?"},{"t":"NHS Health Check: who it is for","d":"The NHS Health Check is a free midlife review in England for many people aged 40 to 74. Learn what it includes, who should skip it, and what to do with the results.","u":"/guides/nhs-health-check/","s":"Guide","x":"nhs health check The NHS Health Check is a free appointment, usually every 5 years, for many people in England aged 40 to 74 who do not already have heart disease, stroke, diabetes, kidney disease or treated high blood pressure. It looks at blood pressure, cholesterol, BMI and diabetes risk, then talks through what to do next. It is not an emergency service and it does not replace seeing a GP for new symptoms. In England it is usually offered every 5 years to eligible people aged 40 to 74. It typically includes blood pressure, cholesterol, BMI and a conversation about heart and diabetes risk. You should not wait for a Health Check if you have chest pain, stroke symptoms or another urgent problem. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland run related programmes that are not identical. Who is invited for an NHS Health Check? What happens at the appointment? Do I need to fast? Is it the same in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland? What if my cholesterol or blood pressure is high? Can I book one myself? Does a normal Health Check mean I can ignore symptoms?"},{"t":"NHS test results: access, delays and follow-up","d":"How to find NHS test results, use the NHS App in England, chase a missing result and prepare questions for the healthcare team that requested your test.","u":"/guides/getting-nhs-test-results/","s":"Guide","x":"getting nhs test results Ask the service that requested your test how and when you will receive the result, who will explain it and who to contact if it is delayed. In England, some results are available through the NHS App, but it does not show every test. Contact the requesting service if the expected date passes or you do not understand the next step. Keep the name and contact details of the service that requested the test. A missing result in an app does not tell you whether the result is normal. Your healthcare team should explain what the result means for your care. How long do blood test results take? What if I cannot use the NHS App? Does no news mean my result is normal?"},{"t":"Night sweats","d":"Night sweats are drenching sweats that soak your bedding, most often caused by menopause or infection; see a GP if they persist or come with weight loss.","u":"/symptoms/night-sweats/","s":"Symptom","x":"night sweats Night sweats are drenching sweats during sleep that soak your nightclothes or bedding, and they are common during the menopause and with infections. They often settle once the underlying cause is treated. Night sweats with unexplained weight loss, fever or swollen glands need a GP assessment to rule out serious conditions. Menopause and perimenopause are very common causes of night sweats in women. Infections including TB and HIV can cause night sweats. Some medicines and alcohol can trigger sweating at night. Lymphoma and other cancers may present with night sweats — but are less common. Keeping the bedroom cool and wearing breathable nightclothes can reduce sweating. Are night sweats normal in menopause? Can anxiety cause night sweats? When should I worry about night sweats? Do certain foods cause night sweats?"},{"t":"Non-melanoma skin cancer","d":"Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma — warning signs, diagnosis, NHS treatment, and sun protection to reduce risk.","u":"/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"non melanoma skin cancer Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC) — most common, grows slowly and rarely spreads — and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) — can spread if neglected. Signs include a sore that does not heal within 4 weeks, a new lump, a scaly or crusted patch, or a pearly nodule with rolled edge. Strongly linked to UV exposure and fair skin. Treatment is usually minor surgery or topical creams — cure rates very high when caught early. See a GP for any changing skin lesion or non-healing sore on sun-exposed areas. Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer in the UK — over 150,000 cases yearly — BCC about 4 times commoner than SCC. BCC almost never spreads to other organs — but can erode locally if untreated (rodent ulcer). SCC can metastasise — higher risk on lips, ears, immunosuppressed patients. Sun exposure and sunbed use are main preventable causes — also previous radiotherapy field. Most treated with simple excision or Mohs surgery — outpatient under local anaesthetic. What does basal cell carcinoma look like? What does squamous cell carcinoma look like? How is non-melanoma skin cancer diagnosed? How is non-melanoma skin cancer treated? How can I prevent skin cancer?"},{"t":"Norovirus","d":"A plain-English guide to norovirus (the winter vomiting bug) — symptoms, how to recover, and when to seek help.","u":"/conditions/norovirus/","s":"Condition","x":"norovirus Norovirus is a highly contagious stomach bug that causes sudden vomiting and diarrhoea. Most people recover within 2 to 3 days with rest and plenty of fluids. Stay off work or school until 48 hours after symptoms stop, and seek help if you cannot keep fluids down or show signs of dehydration. Norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the UK. Symptoms start suddenly — often vomiting and watery diarrhoea. Very infectious — spreads easily in households, hospitals and care homes. Stay off work or school for 48 hours after the last episode of vomiting or diarrhoea. Antibiotics do not work — norovirus is a virus. How long does norovirus last? What is the best treatment for norovirus? How can I stop norovirus spreading? Is norovirus the same as food poisoning? When can I return to work after norovirus?"},{"t":"Nosebleed","d":"How to stop a nosebleed correctly, what to avoid afterwards, and when heavy or persistent bleeding needs emergency care.","u":"/symptoms/nosebleed/","s":"Symptom","x":"nosebleed Sit upright, lean forward and pinch the soft part of the nose continuously for 10 to 15 minutes while breathing through your mouth. Spit out blood rather than swallowing it. Seek urgent help if bleeding is heavy, follows a major injury, causes weakness or breathing difficulty, or continues after repeated firm pressure. Lean forward, not backward. Pinch the soft nose continuously without checking early. For 24 hours avoid nose blowing, hot drinks, alcohol, heavy lifting and strenuous exercise. Should I tilt my head back during a nosebleed? Where exactly should I pinch? Why do nosebleeds keep happening?"},{"t":"Numbness and tingling","d":"Numbness and tingling are usually caused by pressure on a nerve and pass quickly, but persistent or one-sided symptoms with weakness need a GP assessment.","u":"/symptoms/numbness-and-tingling/","s":"Symptom","x":"numbness and tingling Numbness and tingling are altered sensations that happen when a nerve is compressed, irritated or damaged — often simply from sitting or sleeping awkwardly. The feeling usually passes once you move and the pressure eases. Persistent, one-sided or spreading numbness, especially with weakness, needs a GP assessment to rule out nerve compression, diabetes or stroke. Brief tingling after sitting on a foot is usually harmless. Carpal tunnel syndrome causes tingling in the thumb, index and middle fingers. Diabetes can damage peripheral nerves, causing numbness in the feet. Sudden numbness on one side of the face or body may be a stroke — call 999. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin B12 deficiency can cause nerve symptoms. What causes pins and needles? When is numbness a sign of diabetes? Can a trapped nerve cause tingling? Should I worry about numbness in both hands at night?"},{"t":"Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)","d":"OCD explained — obsessions, compulsions, how it differs from perfectionism, and NHS treatments including CBT and SSRIs.","u":"/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/","s":"Condition","x":"obsessive compulsive disorder OCD is a mental health condition where unwanted intrusive thoughts (obsessions) cause distress, leading to repetitive behaviours or mental rituals (compulsions) to reduce anxiety. Common themes include contamination, harm, symmetry, and checking. CBT with exposure and response prevention (ERP) is the most effective therapy; SSRIs help many people. OCD is not a personality quirk — see a GP if rituals take over an hour daily or severely disrupt life. OCD affects about 1 in 50 people — often starts in teens or early adulthood. Obsessions are ego-dystonic — thoughts the person finds disturbing and does not want. Compulsions provide temporary relief but reinforce the cycle — avoidance maintains OCD. ERP therapy deliberately triggers anxiety without performing compulsion — gold standard CBT. OCD is unrelated to cleanliness preference or being \"organised\" — severity and distress define diagnosis. What are obsessions and compulsions in OCD? Is OCD the same as being neat or perfectionist? Can OCD cause violent thoughts? How is OCD treated on the NHS? Does OCD go away on its own?"},{"t":"Oculoplastic and orbital surgery","d":"What oculoplastic and orbital surgery covers — the eyelids, tear ducts and eye socket — and what to expect, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.","u":"/treatments/oculoplastic-surgery/","s":"Treatment","x":"oculoplastic surgery Oculoplastic and orbital surgery covers operations on the structures around the eye — the eyelids, the tear-drainage system and the bony eye socket (orbit). It treats problems such as drooping or turned eyelids, blocked tear ducts that cause watering, and conditions affecting the eye socket. Many procedures are done as day cases, sometimes under local anaesthetic. Oculoplastic surgery treats the eyelids, tear ducts and eye socket. Common reasons include droopy or turned eyelids and watering eyes. Many procedures are day cases, sometimes under local anaesthetic. The aim is to protect the eye and restore comfort, function and appearance. What does an oculoplastic surgeon do? Is eyelid surgery available on the NHS? What is a DCR? What is recovery like?"},{"t":"Omeprazole and PPIs","d":"Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that reduces stomach acid for heartburn, reflux and ulcers; how to take it safely and when to see a GP.","u":"/treatments/omeprazole-and-ppis/","s":"Treatment","x":"omeprazole and ppis Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), a medicine that reduces stomach acid to treat heartburn, acid reflux and stomach ulcers, and to protect the stomach when taking anti-inflammatory medicines. It is available on prescription and from pharmacies, and works best taken 30 to 60 minutes before food. Short courses treat symptoms, while long-term use needs periodic GP review. PPIs block acid production in the stomach and last longer than antacids or H2 blockers. Omeprazole is available from pharmacies for short courses to treat heartburn. PPIs work best taken before food, usually in the morning before breakfast. Long-term PPI use may affect magnesium and B12 levels and bone fracture risk. PPIs can mask stomach cancer symptoms, so see a GP for swallowing difficulty or weight loss. What is the difference between omeprazole and lansoprazole? Can I take omeprazole long term? What are the side effects of omeprazole? Can I stop taking omeprazole suddenly? Do PPIs interact with other medicines?"},{"t":"Oral rehydration salts","d":"Oral rehydration salts are pharmacy sachets that replace fluids and salts lost to diarrhoea and vomiting; how they work, dosing, and dehydration warning signs.","u":"/treatments/oral-rehydration-salts/","s":"Treatment","x":"oral rehydration salts Oral rehydration salts (ORS) are sachets of glucose and salts dissolved in water to replace fluids lost through diarrhoea and vomiting. They rehydrate more effectively than water alone and are especially useful for children, older people and anyone with heavy fluid loss. ORS sachets replace fluids and salts lost in diarrhoea and vomiting. They rehydrate the body more effectively than water alone. They are especially useful for children, older people and anyone with heavy fluid loss. They are available from any pharmacy and should be made up exactly as directed. How do oral rehydration salts work? How do I use ORS sachets? Can I make my own rehydration drink? Who benefits most from ORS?"},{"t":"Osteoarthritis: symptoms and NHS treatment","d":"Osteoarthritis is the most common arthritis in the UK. Learn which joints it affects, why movement usually helps, when to see a GP, and who should skip this page.","u":"/conditions/osteoarthritis/","s":"Condition","x":"osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. Cartilage and the whole joint change over time, causing pain and stiffness, often in the knees, hips, hands or spine. There is no cure, but activity, strengthening, weight management where relevant, pain relief and physiotherapy help most people. A suddenly hot, feverish joint is not typical osteoarthritis and needs same-day assessment. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in the UK. It often affects knees, hips, hands and the spine. Suitable exercise usually helps more than prolonged rest. Joint replacement is for people whose pain and function stay poor despite first-line care, not a first step. What causes osteoarthritis? What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis? Does exercise help or harm osteoarthritis? How is osteoarthritis treated on the NHS? Should I take ibuprofen or paracetamol? Will I need a knee or hip replacement? Is osteoarthritis the same as rheumatoid arthritis?"},{"t":"Osteoporosis","d":"Osteoporosis — fragile bones, fracture risk, DEXA scanning, prevention with calcium, vitamin D, and NHS treatments.","u":"/conditions/osteoporosis/","s":"Condition","x":"osteoporosis Osteoporosis means bones have lost density and strength — fractures occur more easily, often from minor falls. Common in postmenopausal women and older men — often silent until a fracture. Prevention includes weight-bearing exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D, and not smoking. DEXA scan diagnoses; bisphosphonates and other medicines reduce fracture risk in people at high risk. See a GP after any fracture from standing height or less. Osteoporosis affects about 3 million people in the UK — many undiagnosed until fracture. Hip, spine, and wrist fractures most common — vertebral fractures may cause height loss and back pain silently. FRAX tool and DEXA scan assess fracture risk — treatment offered above threshold. Bisphosphonates (alendronate) are first-line — take weekly with strict instructions on empty stomach. Steroids, early menopause, low BMI, and family history increase risk. What are the symptoms of osteoporosis? How is osteoporosis diagnosed? What is the best treatment for osteoporosis? Can osteoporosis be reversed? Who should take vitamin D for bones?"},{"t":"Our doctors","d":"Meet the UK doctors who medically review HealthAnswers content.","u":"/our-doctors/","s":"Browse","x":"doctors reviewers GMC GP ophthalmologist medical review panel"},{"t":"Ovarian cancer","d":"Ovarian cancer — symptoms often mistaken for IBS, diagnosis, CA125 blood test, and NHS treatment overview.","u":"/conditions/ovarian-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"ovarian cancer Ovarian cancer affects the ovaries or fallopian tubes — often diagnosed late because early symptoms are vague — bloating, feeling full quickly, tummy pain, and needing to urinate often. See a GP if these symptoms are new, frequent (more than 12 days a month), and persistent. CA125 blood test and ultrasound help assessment — not screening test for general population. Treatment is usually surgery and chemotherapy. Higher risk if BRCA gene mutation or strong family history. Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer in UK women — about 7,500 cases yearly. Symptoms overlap IBS — persistent bloating, early satiety, pelvic pain, urinary urgency — BEACH criteria guide GP assessment. No effective national screening programme — cervical smear does not detect ovarian cancer. CA125 can be raised in ovarian cancer but also endometriosis, fibroids, and menstruation — not diagnostic alone. BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations significantly increase risk — genetic testing if family history. What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer? Is there a screening test for ovarian cancer? What is CA125? How is ovarian cancer treated? Can ovarian cysts be cancer?"},{"t":"Ovarian cysts","d":"Ovarian cyst symptoms, ultrasound follow-up, treatment, and warning signs of torsion or rupture.","u":"/conditions/ovarian-cysts/","s":"Condition","x":"ovarian cysts An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac on an ovary. Most are harmless, cause no symptoms and disappear within a few months. Sudden severe pelvic pain, especially with nausea, vomiting, dizziness or fainting, needs urgent assessment because a cyst can twist or rupture. Most cysts before menopause are related to the menstrual cycle. Ultrasound appearance, size, symptoms and menopausal status guide follow-up. Persistent, large or complex cysts may need specialist review or surgery. Do ovarian cysts always need treatment? Can an ovarian cyst be cancer? Can cysts affect fertility?"},{"t":"Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)","d":"A plain-English guide to an overactive thyroid — symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment in the UK.","u":"/conditions/overactive-thyroid/","s":"Condition","x":"overactive thyroid An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) means the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, speeding up the body's metabolism. Symptoms include weight loss despite eating normally, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, tremor and heat intolerance. Treatment options include antithyroid medicines, radioactive iodine or surgery — a GP arranges blood tests to confirm diagnosis. Opposite of underactive thyroid — too much hormone rather than too little. Common causes include Graves' disease, thyroid nodules, and thyroiditis. Symptoms include racing heart, weight loss, anxiety and feeling hot. Diagnosed with a blood test — TSH low, free T4 and/or T3 high. Effective treatments exist — most people manage well long-term. What are the symptoms of an overactive thyroid? What causes hyperthyroidism? How is an overactive thyroid treated? What is the difference between overactive and underactive thyroid? Can hyperthyroidism cause eye problems?"},{"t":"Pain when peeing: UTI, STI or urgent?","d":"Burning when you pee may be a UTI or an STI. Pharmacy pathways are for some women only. Men, pregnancy and children need a GP. Kidney signs are urgent.","u":"/symptoms/pain-when-peeing/","s":"Symptom","x":"pain when peeing Pain when peeing is often a urine infection, but sexually transmitted infections can feel similar. In England, some women can start with a pharmacist for an uncomplicated UTI. Men, pregnant people and children are not a simple pharmacy UTI. Fever with back pain can mean a kidney infection. This page cannot diagnose you. Burning when peeing plus frequency and cloudy urine often points to a bladder infection. Chlamydia and gonorrhoea can also cause pain when peeing, sometimes with discharge. Men, pregnant people and children are not treated as a simple pharmacy UTI. Fever, loin pain or shivering can mean a kidney infection and need urgent care. Blood in the urine still needs medical review. Being unable to pass urine at all is an emergency. What are typical UTI symptoms? Could it be an STI instead of a UTI? Can a pharmacist treat this in England? Why do men and pregnant people need a GP? When is it a kidney infection? Does blood in the urine always need a review? What can I do while I wait to be seen?"},{"t":"Palpitations: GP, 111 or call 999?","d":"Palpitations are an awareness of your heartbeat. Call 999 if they come with chest pain, severe breathlessness, collapse, or you feel very unwell.","u":"/symptoms/palpitations/","s":"Symptom","x":"palpitations Palpitations are the feeling of a pounding, racing, fluttering or skipped heartbeat. They are common and often linked to stress, caffeine or exercise, but a first episode is not labelled anxiety until a clinician has thought about the heart. Call 999 if palpitations come with chest pain, severe breathlessness, collapse, or you feel very unwell. Otherwise see a GP. Palpitations are an awareness of your heartbeat — pounding, racing, fluttering or skipped beats. Call 999 if they come with chest pain, severe breathlessness, collapse, or you feel very unwell. A first episode is not called “only anxiety” until a clinician has assessed you. Common triggers include caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, dehydration, fever and some medicines. An irregular pulse, especially in later life, needs a GP check for atrial fibrillation. A GP can arrange an ECG and blood tests; this page cannot interpret a watch tracing. What do palpitations feel like? Are palpitations dangerous? What commonly triggers them? What is atrial fibrillation? What tests might I have? Can anxiety cause palpitations? Should I try vagal manoeuvres?"},{"t":"Pancreatic cancer","d":"Pancreatic cancer — symptoms including jaundice and weight loss, diagnosis, and NHS treatment options including surgery and chemotherapy.","u":"/conditions/pancreatic-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer of the pancreas — often diagnosed late because early symptoms are vague. Red flags include jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), unexplained weight loss, new-onset diabetes in over 50s, pale stools and dark urine, upper tummy pain going through to back, and indigestion not responding to treatment. Only about 10% are suitable for curative surgery. See a GP urgently for jaundice or significant unexplained weight loss — 2-week wait referral. Smoking and chronic pancreatitis increase risk. About 10,500 pancreatic cancer cases in the UK each year — survival remains poor because most present at advanced stage. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is commonest type — arises from exocrine pancreas. Jaundice painless or with weight loss — urgent investigation — may be resectable if caught before spread. CA19-9 blood marker supports diagnosis but not screening — can be normal in early disease. Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) offers cure chance in selected early cases. What are the early symptoms of pancreatic cancer? How is pancreatic cancer diagnosed? Can pancreatic cancer be cured? What causes pancreatic cancer? What is the Whipple procedure?"},{"t":"Panic attacks: what to do and NHS help","d":"A panic attack is a sudden surge of fear with physical symptoms. It is frightening but not dangerous in itself. The first severe episode still needs medical assessment.","u":"/conditions/panic-attacks/","s":"Condition","x":"panic attacks A panic attack is a sudden surge of intense fear with a racing heart, chest tightness and breathlessness. It usually peaks within minutes. The first time you have severe chest pain, breathlessness or collapse, call 999 — do not assume it is panic. Recurring recognised panic is treated with therapy. Samaritans is 116 123. Symptoms peak quickly and then ease — they are intense, not a heart attack by default. The first severe episode of chest pain or breathlessness still needs urgent medical assessment. Breathing into a paper bag is not the NHS plan and can be harmful if the cause is not panic. CBT and, sometimes, medicine help recurring attacks. In England you can often self-refer to NHS Talking Therapies. Samaritans is free on 116 123; call 999 if you cannot keep yourself safe. How do I know it is panic and not a heart attack? What should I do during an attack? Can I refer myself for NHS help? Will I pass out or die from a panic attack? Should I avoid the places where I panic?"},{"t":"Paracetamol: safe use and overdose","d":"Paracetamol eases mild to moderate pain and fever when you follow the pack. Never double up with cold remedies. Overdose needs 111 or 999 even if you feel well.","u":"/treatments/paracetamol/","s":"Treatment","x":"paracetamol Paracetamol eases mild to moderate pain and can lower a high temperature. It is safe for most people at the dose on the pack or prescription. Taking more than that, or combining two products that both contain paracetamol, can damage the liver. If you think too much has been taken, call 111 or 999 immediately, even if the person feels well. Paracetamol eases mild to moderate pain and reduces fever. Follow the dose on the pack or prescription — never take extra because pain is still there. Many cold and flu remedies already contain paracetamol; check labels so you do not double up. Overdose can be serious with no early symptoms — call 111 or 999 even if you feel well. What is paracetamol used for? Is paracetamol safe in pregnancy? Can I take paracetamol with ibuprofen? What should I do if I take too much? Why do cold remedies make overdose more likely? Can I give paracetamol to a child? Does paracetamol treat inflammation?"},{"t":"Parkinson's disease","d":"Parkinson's disease — tremor, slowness, stiffness, diagnosis, and NHS treatment with levodopa and specialist support.","u":"/conditions/parkinsons-disease/","s":"Condition","x":"parkinsons disease Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological condition caused by loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain — causing tremor (often resting), slowness of movement (bradykinesia), muscle stiffness, and balance problems. Usually develops after age 60 but young-onset occurs. No cure but levodopa and other medicines control symptoms for years. Physiotherapy, speech therapy, and exercise help. See a GP if you notice persistent tremor, smaller handwriting, or difficulty starting movements. Parkinson's affects about 145,000 people in the UK — second most common neurodegenerative disease after dementia. Resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity are cardinal features — diagnosis is clinical by specialist. Levodopa with carbidopa remains most effective symptom treatment — motor fluctuations develop after years. Non-motor symptoms — constipation, smell loss, depression, sleep behaviour disorder — often precede motor signs. Exercise may slow progression — physiotherapy and staying active strongly recommended. What are the early signs of Parkinson's disease? What causes Parkinson's disease? Is there a cure for Parkinson's? What is levodopa? How long can you live with Parkinson's?"},{"t":"Pelvic organ prolapse","d":"Symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic-floor treatment, pessaries and surgery, plus when urinary symptoms need urgent help.","u":"/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/","s":"Condition","x":"pelvic organ prolapse Pelvic organ prolapse happens when the womb, bladder or bowel bulges into the vagina because supporting tissues have weakened. It may cause heaviness, a vaginal lump, bladder or bowel difficulty or discomfort during sex. Pelvic-floor physiotherapy, a pessary or surgery can help. Childbirth, ageing and menopause can contribute, but anyone with symptoms deserves assessment. Treatment depends on symptoms rather than appearance alone. Pelvic-floor physiotherapy is commonly offered first. Can pelvic organ prolapse improve without surgery? Can I exercise with prolapse? What is a pessary?"},{"t":"Pelvic pain","d":"Pelvic pain is pain in the lower tummy with many causes, from period pain and UTIs to endometriosis; sudden severe pain with fever needs emergency care.","u":"/symptoms/pelvic-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"pelvic pain Pelvic pain is pain felt in the lower part of the tummy, and it has many possible causes in both women and men. See a GP if pelvic pain keeps coming back. Sudden severe pain with fever, fainting or any possibility of pregnancy needs emergency care — call 999 or go to A&E. Endometriosis causes pelvic pain that follows a cyclical pattern with periods. Urinary tract infections are a common cause of pelvic pain. An ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency that needs immediate care. Appendicitis pain typically moves to the lower right side of the tummy. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can cause cramping pelvic pain. What causes pelvic pain in women? What is endometriosis? What causes pelvic pain in men? What are the emergency warning signs with pelvic pain?"},{"t":"Period pain","d":"A plain-English guide to period pain — what is normal, how to ease cramps, and when painful periods need medical assessment.","u":"/conditions/period-pain/","s":"Condition","x":"period pain Period pain (dysmenorrhoea) is cramping pain in the lower tummy during menstruation, caused by the womb contracting to shed its lining. Mild to moderate pain is common and usually eased by heat, exercise and painkillers. See a GP if pain is severe, suddenly worse than usual, or stops you living normally each month. Most women and girls have some period pain at some point. Pain usually starts when bleeding begins and lasts 1 to 3 days. Heat pads, paracetamol and ibuprofen help most people. Severe pain every month may indicate endometriosis or fibroids — worth investigating. Regular exercise and stopping smoking can reduce period pain over time. What causes period pain? What helps period pain at home? When is period pain a sign of something else? Can the contraceptive pill help period pain? Is it normal for teenagers to have painful periods?"},{"t":"Peripheral arterial disease","d":"Peripheral arterial disease — narrowed leg arteries, claudication leg pain on walking, diagnosis, and NHS treatment including exercise and statins.","u":"/conditions/peripheral-arterial-disease/","s":"Condition","x":"peripheral arterial disease Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a condition where arteries in the legs become narrowed or blocked by atherosclerosis, reducing blood flow to the muscles. The main symptom is leg pain when walking that eases with rest (intermittent claudication). PAD is a sign of widespread cardiovascular disease — people with PAD have higher risk of heart attack and stroke. Treatment includes exercise programmes, statins, blood pressure control, stopping smoking, and sometimes surgery or angioplasty. PAD is caused by atherosclerosis — fatty deposits narrowing arteries — usually in the legs. Classic symptom is intermittent claudication — cramping leg pain when walking, relieved by rest. Strongly linked to smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. People with PAD have significantly increased risk of heart attack and stroke — not just a leg problem. Supervised exercise programmes are a first-line NHS treatment — as effective as some procedures for claudication. What is peripheral arterial disease? What are the symptoms of PAD? What causes peripheral arterial disease? How is PAD diagnosed? How is peripheral arterial disease treated? Is PAD linked to heart attack and stroke? What is critical limb ischaemia?"},{"t":"Pharmacy First: conditions, ages and how to get help","d":"Which seven conditions Pharmacy First covers in England, the age ranges, how to contact a pharmacy and what to ask about assessment and follow-up.","u":"/guides/pharmacy-first-in-england/","s":"Guide","x":"pharmacy first in england Pharmacy First in England lets participating pharmacies assess seven common conditions and, when appropriate, supply certain prescription medicines without a GP appointment. Age limits and other eligibility checks apply. The pharmacist may give advice, offer treatment or direct you to another service. A consultation does not guarantee antibiotics or another medicine. Contact the pharmacy before visiting to check it offers the service you need. A pharmacist checks whether the pathway is suitable for you. Pharmacy First eligibility in England is different from pharmacy schemes elsewhere in the UK. Do I need a GP referral? Will I definitely get antibiotics? Can the pharmacist help if I am outside an age range?"},{"t":"Pharmacy, GP, 111 or A&E?","d":"A UK decision guide to pharmacist, GP, NHS 111, urgent treatment centre, A&E or 999 — who each is for, and who should skip the queue.","u":"/guides/pharmacy-gp-111-or-ae/","s":"Guide","x":"pharmacy gp 111 or ae Use a pharmacist for many minor illnesses and medicine questions, a GP for non-emergency problems that need diagnosis or ongoing care, NHS 111 when you need urgent advice and are unsure where to go, A&E for serious emergencies, and 999 for life-threatening symptoms. Do not use A&E as a faster GP. Match the urgency, not the building — 999 is for immediate danger to life. NHS 111 exists for urgent uncertainty and can direct you to local services. Community Pharmacy First in England can assess selected common conditions. A&E is for serious illness and injury, not routine problems that can wait for a GP. What can a pharmacist treat? When should I use NHS 111? Do I need an appointment for an urgent treatment centre? Is A&E quicker than a GP? Can I call 111 for a child? What if my GP is closed? Should I drive to A&E in an emergency? What is Pharmacy First?"},{"t":"PID: pelvic pain that needs urgent care","d":"Pelvic inflammatory disease is infection of the womb and tubes, often after chlamydia or gonorrhoea. Pelvic pain with fever or discharge needs same-day care.","u":"/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/","s":"Condition","x":"pelvic inflammatory disease Pelvic inflammatory disease is infection of the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries, often after untreated chlamydia or gonorrhoea. Lower tummy pain with fever, unusual discharge or pain during sex needs same-day GP or sexual health clinic care — do not delay. Prompt antibiotics reduce the chance of fertility problems. Partners need testing too. PID is infection of the womb, tubes and ovaries, often after chlamydia or gonorrhoea. Pelvic pain with fever, unusual discharge or pain during sex needs same-day assessment. Do not wait for swab results if a clinician thinks PID is likely — treatment starts promptly. Delayed treatment can affect fertility and raise the chance of an ectopic pregnancy. Sexual partners need testing and treatment to prevent reinfection. This page cannot rule out appendicitis or ectopic pregnancy. What causes pelvic inflammatory disease? How do I know if I have PID? Can PID affect fertility? How is PID treated? Can I get PID from a coil? Does my partner need treatment if I have PID? Could this pain be something else?"},{"t":"Pins and needles","d":"Pins and needles is a tingling feeling that is usually harmless after pressure on a nerve, but persistent tingling or sudden one-sided numbness needs help.","u":"/symptoms/pins-and-needles/","s":"Symptom","x":"pins and needles Pins and needles is a tingling or prickling sensation, known medically as paraesthesia, that usually happens when pressure on a nerve briefly interrupts its signals. Temporary tingling after pressure is normal and settles quickly. See a GP if it persists, and call 999 for sudden one-sided numbness or weakness. Pins and needles caused by pressure on a nerve are transient and harmless. Carpal tunnel syndrome causes pins and needles in the hands. Diabetes can damage nerves and cause numbness in the feet. Sudden one-sided numbness may be a stroke — call 999 immediately. Vitamin B12 deficiency is a treatable cause of pins and needles. Why do I get pins and needles in my hands at night? Can sciatica cause pins and needles? Are pins and needles always serious? Can vitamin B12 deficiency cause pins and needles?"},{"t":"Plantar fasciitis","d":"A plain-English guide to plantar fasciitis — heel pain — and the steps that genuinely help.","u":"/conditions/plantar-fasciitis/","s":"Condition","x":"plantar fasciitis Plantar fasciitis is pain under the heel caused by irritation of the strong band of tissue (the plantar fascia) that supports the arch of the foot. It is the most common cause of heel pain, classically worst with the first steps of the morning, and usually improves over months with stretching, supportive footwear and activity changes. Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain. Pain is classically worst with the first steps of the morning. Stretching, supportive footwear and activity changes are the main treatment. Most cases improve, but it can take months. Why is the pain worst in the morning? What causes plantar fasciitis? What is the best treatment? How long does plantar fasciitis last?"},{"t":"Pneumonia","d":"A plain-English guide to pneumonia — symptoms, treatment, recovery, and when to seek urgent medical help.","u":"/conditions/pneumonia/","s":"Condition","x":"pneumonia Pneumonia is a chest infection that inflames the air sacs in the lungs, often causing cough, breathlessness, chest pain and fever. It can range from mild to life-threatening. Many people recover with rest and antibiotics at home, but older adults, young children and people with weakened immunity may need hospital care — seek urgent help for severe breathlessness. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi — bacteria often need antibiotics. Common symptoms include cough, fever, breathlessness and chest pain when breathing. Older adults may have fewer obvious symptoms but can become seriously unwell quickly. Pneumonia vaccines are offered to some higher-risk groups in the UK. Most people recover fully, though tiredness can linger for weeks. What are the main symptoms of pneumonia? Is pneumonia contagious? How is pneumonia treated? How long does it take to recover from pneumonia? Can pneumonia be prevented?"},{"t":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","d":"A plain-English guide to PCOS — symptoms, diagnosis, fertility, and treatment options in the UK.","u":"/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/","s":"Condition","x":"polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS is a common condition affecting how the ovaries work, causing irregular periods, excess androgen hormones and polycystic ovaries on scan. Symptoms include irregular cycles, acne, excess hair growth and weight gain. It cannot be cured but symptoms are manageable with lifestyle changes, contraception and other treatments. PCOS affects about 1 in 10 women in the UK — many are undiagnosed. Diagnosis needs two of three features — irregular periods, high androgens, polycystic ovaries on scan. Linked to insulin resistance — weight management and exercise improve symptoms. PCOS can affect fertility but many women with PCOS conceive, with or without help. Increases risk of type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol — regular health checks help. What are the main symptoms of PCOS? How is PCOS diagnosed? Does PCOS cause infertility? Can PCOS be cured? Is PCOS linked to diabetes?"},{"t":"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","d":"PTSD — flashbacks, nightmares, and hypervigilance after trauma; NHS treatments including trauma-focused CBT and EMDR.","u":"/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/","s":"Condition","x":"post traumatic stress disorder PTSD can develop after experiencing or witnessing traumatic events — serious accidents, assault, military combat, childbirth trauma, or disasters. Symptoms include re-experiencing (flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance, negative mood, and hypervigilance lasting over 4 weeks and affecting daily life. Trauma-focused CBT and EMDR are first-line NHS treatments. See a GP if symptoms persist after trauma — not weakness or delayed shock that always passes alone. PTSD affects about 1 in 3 people after severe trauma at some point — not everyone develops it. Symptoms must persist over 1 month (PTSD diagnosis) and cause significant distress or impairment. Trauma-focused CBT and EMDR have strongest evidence — general counselling alone less effective. PTSD can start months or years after trauma — delayed onset recognised. Complex PTSD from repeated childhood trauma may need longer specialist therapy. What are the symptoms of PTSD? How long after trauma can PTSD start? What is the best treatment for PTSD? Is PTSD the same as anxiety? Can PTSD be cured? How do I find a trauma or EMDR therapist?"},{"t":"Postmenopausal bleeding","d":"Any vaginal bleeding more than 12 months after periods stop needs checking, even once or only as spotting.","u":"/symptoms/postmenopausal-bleeding/","s":"Symptom","x":"postmenopausal bleeding Postmenopausal bleeding means vaginal bleeding after you have had no period for at least 12 months. It is often caused by thinning tissues or polyps and is usually not cancer, but womb cancer must be excluded. Arrange a GP appointment even for one episode, spotting or pink or brown discharge. Bleeding should be checked even if painless or very light. HRT can cause bleeding, but unexpected or persistent bleeding still needs review. Early investigation makes serious causes more treatable. Does postmenopausal spotting count? Is postmenopausal bleeding always cancer? What tests might be offered?"},{"t":"Postnatal depression","d":"Postnatal depression — symptoms beyond baby blues, difference from postpartum psychosis, NHS talking therapies and safe antidepressants when breastfeeding.","u":"/conditions/postnatal-depression/","s":"Condition","x":"postnatal depression Postnatal depression (PND) affects about 1 in 10 women after childbirth — persistent low mood, exhaustion, guilt, anxiety, and difficulty bonding with the baby beyond the first 2 weeks. Baby blues — tearfulness days 3–10 — usually resolves alone. PND needs treatment — talking therapies (CBT, counselling) and antidepressants safe in breastfeeding when needed. Partners can develop depression too. Postpartum psychosis is rare emergency — confusion, hallucinations, rapid mood swings — phone 999. See a GP or health visitor if low mood persists over 2 weeks or you have thoughts of harming yourself or the baby. Postnatal depression affects roughly 10 to 15% of new mothers — can start weeks or months after birth. Baby blues affect up to 80% — peak day 5 — hormonal — resolves within 2 weeks without treatment. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) used at 6–8 week check — score prompts referral. Sertraline and some other SSRIs compatible with breastfeeding — discuss risks and benefits with GP. Postpartum psychosis affects 1–2 per 1000 — psychiatric emergency — not the same as PND. What is the difference between baby blues and postnatal depression? What are the symptoms of postnatal depression? How is postnatal depression treated? Can you take antidepressants while breastfeeding? What is postpartum psychosis?"},{"t":"Practical health guides","d":"Choosing the right NHS service, fit notes, appointments and everyday healthcare decisions.","u":"/guides/","s":"Browse","x":"health guides NHS services pharmacy GP 111 A&E fit note sick note appointment prepare health check repeat prescription NHS app"},{"t":"Pre-eclampsia","d":"Pre-eclampsia warning signs in pregnancy and after birth, including severe headache, vision changes, rib pain and sudden swelling.","u":"/conditions/pre-eclampsia/","s":"Condition","x":"pre eclampsia Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-related condition involving high blood pressure, usually after 20 weeks but sometimes after birth. Severe headache, blurred or flashing vision, pain below the ribs, sudden swelling or feeling very unwell need immediate assessment by maternity services or NHS 111. Early signs may only be found during blood-pressure and urine checks. Symptoms can develop during pregnancy or in the weeks after birth. Prompt monitoring and treatment reduce the risk of serious complications. Can pre-eclampsia happen without symptoms? Can pre-eclampsia happen after birth? How is pre-eclampsia treated?"},{"t":"Prediabetes","d":"What prediabetes blood results mean, how to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, and when repeat testing is needed.","u":"/conditions/prediabetes/","s":"Condition","x":"prediabetes Prediabetes means blood glucose is above the usual range but not in the diabetes range. It increases the chance of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but sustainable changes to weight, food and activity can substantially reduce risk. It usually causes no symptoms. In the UK, an HbA1c of 42 to 47 mmol/mol is commonly called non-diabetic hyperglycaemia. A single result should be interpreted with medical history and other factors. NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme support may be available in England. Can prediabetes go back to the normal range? Do I need medicine for prediabetes? How often should HbA1c be repeated?"},{"t":"Prednisolone","d":"Prednisolone is an oral steroid that suppresses inflammation in asthma, arthritis and autoimmune conditions; long courses need tapering and monitoring.","u":"/treatments/prednisolone/","s":"Treatment","x":"prednisolone Prednisolone is a steroid medicine that suppresses inflammation, used for asthma flare-ups, arthritis flare-ups, allergic reactions and many autoimmune conditions. Short courses carry fewer risks, while long-term use can cause weight gain, osteoporosis and diabetes. Long courses should never be stopped abruptly and must be tapered under medical guidance. Prednisolone is a systemic corticosteroid taken by mouth. A short burst is commonly used for a few days to settle an asthma flare-up. It is usually taken with food in the morning. Long-term use needs bone protection, such as calcium and vitamin D. It suppresses the adrenal glands, so it must be tapered if used for a prolonged period. What are the side effects of a short course of prednisolone? Why does prednisolone need to be tapered rather than stopped suddenly? Is prednisolone safe to take with an infection? How is bone health protected during long-term prednisolone use?"},{"t":"Pregabalin","d":"Pregabalin is a medicine used to treat nerve pain, epilepsy and generalised anxiety disorder, and it must be tapered slowly when stopped, not stopped abruptly.","u":"/treatments/pregabalin/","s":"Treatment","x":"pregabalin Pregabalin is a medicine that treats neuropathic pain, epilepsy and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). It can cause drowsiness and dizziness, so it is best to stand up slowly. It is a controlled drug because dependence is possible, so it should never be stopped abruptly and must be tapered instead. It can also affect driving, especially early in treatment. Pregabalin is a first-line option for neuropathic pain alongside amitriptyline or duloxetine. It is classed as a Schedule 3 controlled drug in the UK. Dizziness and weight gain are common side effects. Stopping suddenly can cause withdrawal symptoms including seizures, so doses are tapered gradually. It is cleared by the kidneys, so doses are reduced in people with chronic kidney disease. What is the difference between pregabalin and gabapentin? How quickly is the pregabalin dose increased? Is pregabalin a controlled drug? Can I drive while taking pregabalin?"},{"t":"Pregnancy test","d":"A pregnancy test detects the hormone hCG in urine or blood, and most home pregnancy tests are accurate from the first day of a missed period.","u":"/tests/pregnancy-test/","s":"Test","x":"pregnancy test A pregnancy test detects the hormone hCG in urine or blood, and most home tests are accurate from the first day of a missed period. If your test is positive, contact a GP or midwife to arrange antenatal care. If it is negative but you still have symptoms, wait a few days and repeat the test. Levels of hCG rise in the body after implantation occurs. First morning urine gives the most concentrated sample for testing. A blood test for pregnancy is more sensitive than a urine test. Testing too early can produce a false negative result. An ectopic pregnancy can still produce a positive pregnancy test. When is the best time to take a pregnancy test? How rare is a false positive pregnancy test? Can a pregnancy test be negative even if you are pregnant? Do you need a blood test at the GP to confirm pregnancy?"},{"t":"Premature ejaculation","d":"Premature ejaculation (PE) — causes, lifelong vs acquired, NHS treatments including behavioural techniques, creams, and medicines, and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/premature-ejaculation/","s":"Condition","x":"premature ejaculation Premature ejaculation means ejaculating sooner than you or your partner would like during sex — often within about a minute of penetration or before you wish. It is the most common male sexual problem and highly treatable. Treatments include behavioural techniques, topical anaesthetic creams, and NHS medicines such as dapoxetine or off-label SSRIs. See a GP to rule out other causes if PE started suddenly. PE affects an estimated 20 to 30% of men at some point — often under-reported. Lifelong PE starts from first sexual experiences; acquired PE develops after previously normal control. Behavioural techniques (stop-start, squeeze) and topical lidocaine/prilocaine creams help many men. Dapoxetine (Priligy) is the only oral medicine licensed specifically for PE in the UK. PE often coexists with erectile dysfunction — treating both may be needed. What is considered premature ejaculation? What causes premature ejaculation? Does Viagra help with premature ejaculation? What is Priligy (dapoxetine)? Do desensitising creams work for PE? Can pelvic floor exercises help premature ejaculation? Is premature ejaculation permanent? Can antidepressants treat premature ejaculation? How can I last longer during sex? What is the average time before ejaculation?"},{"t":"Propranolol","d":"Propranolol is a beta-blocker that eases anxiety symptoms, prevents migraines, and treats heart conditions such as high blood pressure and angina.","u":"/treatments/propranolol/","s":"Treatment","x":"propranolol Propranolol is a beta-blocker medicine that blocks the effects of adrenaline, reducing palpitations, tremor and situational anxiety. It is also used to prevent migraines and to treat high blood pressure and angina. If you take propranolol for a heart condition, it should not be stopped suddenly and must instead be tapered off gradually with your GP's guidance. Propranolol is classed as a non-selective type of beta-blocker medicine. It is often used for situational or performance-related anxiety. It is usually avoided in people with asthma. It can mask the warning symptoms of low blood sugar in people with diabetes. Cold hands and feet are a common side effect. What dose of propranolol is used for anxiety? Is propranolol safe to take if I have asthma? What happens if I stop taking propranolol suddenly? How does propranolol help prevent migraines?"},{"t":"Prostate cancer","d":"Prostate cancer — symptoms, PSA testing, diagnosis, staging, and NHS treatment options explained in plain English.","u":"/conditions/prostate-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"prostate cancer Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in UK men — often slow-growing and confined to the prostate when found. Early disease may have no symptoms — urinary symptoms usually relate to benign enlargement not cancer. PSA blood test is offered with informed choice from age 50 — not a perfect screen. Diagnosis requires MRI and biopsy. Treatment ranges from active surveillance for low-risk disease to surgery, radiotherapy, or hormone therapy for higher risk. About 1 in 8 men get prostate cancer — more common in Black Caribbean and African men who should consider PSA discussion from 45. Early prostate cancer often has no symptoms — urinary problems usually due to benign enlarged prostate (BPH). PSA test measures prostate specific antigen — raised in cancer but also BPH, prostatitis, and after ejaculation. mpMRI before biopsy improves detection and reduces unnecessary biopsies — standard NHS pathway. Low-risk cancer may be monitored with active surveillance — avoiding overtreatment side effects. What are the symptoms of prostate cancer? Should I have a PSA test? What happens if PSA is raised? How is prostate cancer treated? Is prostate cancer curable? What is the difference between prostate cancer and enlarged prostate?"},{"t":"PSA test","d":"A PSA test is a blood test that can indicate prostate problems including cancer, though levels can also be raised for benign, non-cancerous reasons.","u":"/tests/psa-test/","s":"Test","x":"psa test A PSA test is a blood test that may indicate prostate problems, including cancer, but the level can also be raised for benign reasons such as an enlarged prostate. There is no national PSA screening programme in the UK, so men over 50 are encouraged to discuss the pros and cons with a GP before testing. PSA levels can be raised by both prostate cancer and benign enlargement. There is no routine NHS screening programme for prostate cancer in the UK. Shared decision-making with a GP is recommended before having a PSA test. A raised PSA result leads to further specialist assessment. A digital rectal exam may be discussed alongside PSA testing. Should all men have a PSA test? What can cause a raised PSA level? What happens if your PSA level is raised? What symptoms need assessment regardless of PSA result?"},{"t":"Psoriasis","d":"Psoriasis causes red scaly skin patches that flare and settle — common triggers, pharmacy and prescription treatments, and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/psoriasis/","s":"Condition","x":"psoriasis Psoriasis is a long-term skin condition where skin cells build up to form raised, scaly patches. These patches can be itchy or sore and often appear on the elbows, knees, scalp and lower back. There is no cure, but treatments such as creams and other therapies can control it well. Psoriasis causes raised, scaly patches of skin. It commonly affects the elbows, knees, scalp and lower back. It is a long-term condition that flares up and settles. It is not contagious and can usually be controlled with treatment. What causes psoriasis? What triggers psoriasis flare-ups? Is psoriasis contagious? How is psoriasis treated?"},{"t":"Pulmonary embolism","d":"Pulmonary embolism — blood clot in the lung, symptoms including breathlessness and chest pain, emergency treatment, and NHS prevention of recurrence.","u":"/conditions/pulmonary-embolism/","s":"Condition","x":"pulmonary embolism A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage in a blood vessel in the lung, usually caused by a blood clot that has travelled from a deep vein in the leg (deep vein thrombosis). It is a medical emergency. Symptoms include sudden breathlessness, chest pain worse on breathing in, coughing up blood, and a rapid heartbeat. Call 999 if you suspect a PE. Treatment is anticoagulation — blood-thinning medicines — to stop clots growing and new clots forming. Pulmonary embolism is usually caused by a clot travelling from a leg vein (DVT) — together called venous thromboembolism (VTE). Sudden breathlessness and pleuritic chest pain (worse on breathing in) are hallmark symptoms. Risk increases after surgery, prolonged immobility, pregnancy, cancer, and with the combined contraceptive pill. Diagnosis uses clinical scoring, D-dimer blood test, and CT pulmonary angiogram. Anticoagulation for at least 3 months is standard — longer if risk factors persist. What causes a pulmonary embolism? What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism? How is a pulmonary embolism diagnosed? How is pulmonary embolism treated? How long do I take blood thinners after a PE? Can I prevent pulmonary embolism? What is the outlook after a pulmonary embolism?"},{"t":"Questions for your GP","d":"A short printable list of questions for a UK GP or clinic appointment.","u":"/health-tools/questions-for-your-gp/","s":"Tool","x":"GP appointment questions ask doctor clinic hospital wait medicine results"},{"t":"Ramipril","d":"Ramipril is an ACE inhibitor used for high blood pressure, heart failure and kidney protection — how it works, the dry cough side effect, and monitoring.","u":"/treatments/ramipril/","s":"Treatment","x":"ramipril Ramipril lowers blood pressure and protects the heart and kidneys. It is an ACE inhibitor and a common first-line treatment. A dry cough is a frequent side effect — if it persists, a GP may switch you to an ARB. Kidney function and potassium are monitored. It must be stopped if you become pregnant. Ramipril is an ACE inhibitor used for blood pressure, heart failure and kidney protection. A dry cough affects some people — switching to an ARB often helps. Blood tests check kidney function and potassium after starting or changing the dose. It can cause dizziness when you first start, especially if you are dehydrated. Stop and seek urgent help if your lips, tongue or face swell (angioedema). Why does ramipril cause a cough? Why do I need blood tests on ramipril? Can I take ramipril if I have diabetes? What should I avoid while taking ramipril? What if I feel dizzy after the first dose?"},{"t":"Rash","d":"What a rash can mean — common causes, how to soothe itchy skin, and when to seek urgent medical help.","u":"/symptoms/rash/","s":"Symptom","x":"rash A rash is a change in skin colour, texture or appearance — red, raised, bumpy or blistered. Most rashes are caused by harmless conditions such as eczema, hives, heat or viral infections and settle with simple care. Seek urgent help for a rash that does not fade when pressed (non-blanching), spreads rapidly, or comes with fever and feeling very unwell. Most rashes are not serious and clear up without treatment. Itchy red rashes — often eczema, hives, or contact dermatitis. Blistering rashes — may be chickenpox, shingles, or hand, foot and mouth disease. A non-blanching rash (does not fade when a glass is pressed on it) needs urgent assessment. New medicines can cause rashes — stop and seek advice if you suspect a drug reaction. What does a blanching rash mean? What causes an itchy red rash? How can I soothe a rash at home? When is a rash a sign of an allergy? Should I worry about a rash after a new medicine?"},{"t":"Rashes in babies and children","d":"Most rashes in babies and children are caused by viral infections, eczema or irritation and clear on their own. Call 999 if a rash does not fade when pressed.","u":"/symptoms/rashes-in-children/","s":"Symptom","x":"rashes in children Rashes in babies and children are very common and are often caused by viral infections, eczema or harmless skin reactions. Many clear up without treatment. Call 999 if a rash does not fade when pressed with a glass, if your child is struggling to breathe, or if they are confused, floppy or difficult to wake with a rash and fever. Most childhood rashes are caused by viral infections and are not serious. Chickenpox, slapped cheek, hand foot and mouth and scarlet fever have distinctive patterns. Nappy rash is common and usually improves with barrier cream and fresh air. The glass test helps identify rashes that need emergency care. Trust your instincts — if your child seems seriously unwell, seek help regardless of how the rash looks. What is the glass test for rashes? What does a chickenpox rash look like? When is a rash just nappy rash? Can teething cause a rash? Should I send my child to school with a rash?"},{"t":"Reduced baby movements","d":"What to do if your baby is moving less or the usual pattern changes, and why you should call maternity services immediately.","u":"/symptoms/reduced-baby-movements/","s":"Symptom","x":"reduced baby movements If your baby is moving less than usual, has stopped moving, or their normal pattern has changed, call your midwife or maternity unit immediately—even at night. Do not wait until the next day and do not rely on a home Doppler, phone app, cold drink or sugary food for reassurance. There is no single normal number of movements; your baby's pattern matters. Movements should continue up to and during labour. A home heartbeat device cannot show that a baby is well. How many baby movements are normal? Should I drink something cold and wait? Can I use a home Doppler?"},{"t":"Reflux in babies","d":"Normal baby reflux, silent reflux, feeding measures that may help, and red flags such as green vomit, poor growth or blood.","u":"/conditions/reflux-in-babies/","s":"Condition","x":"reflux in babies Reflux is when milk comes back up during or after feeds. It is very common in babies and usually improves by age 1. If a baby is content, feeding and gaining weight, treatment is rarely needed. Green or bloody vomit, forceful vomiting, poor feeding or a very unwell baby needs urgent assessment. Small effortless possets are common in babies under 1. Keep babies upright during and after feeds, but always put them flat on their back to sleep. Do not raise the head of a cot or use sleep positioners. What is silent reflux? Should a baby with reflux sleep propped up? When does baby reflux improve?"},{"t":"Repeat prescriptions and the NHS App","d":"How to order a UK repeat prescription, nominate a pharmacy, and use the NHS App — plus when to call the GP instead of waiting for the app.","u":"/guides/repeat-prescriptions-and-nhs-app/","s":"Guide","x":"repeat prescriptions and nhs app Order repeats before you run out, usually through the NHS App, your GP’s online system, or the pharmacy you have nominated. Allow several working days. The app cannot replace 999 or NHS 111. Controlled drugs, new symptoms, and a medicine that is not working still need a clinician, not another click on repeat. Nominate one pharmacy so electronic prescriptions can go there automatically. Order before the last pack — practices and pharmacies need working days, not overnight. The NHS App is free and can order repeats, book some appointments and show some results. A repeat list is not a diagnosis. New or worsening symptoms still need a GP or 111. How do I nominate a pharmacy? How far ahead should I order? What can the NHS App do? Why was my repeat refused? Can a pharmacist help if I have run out? Should I use a private online pharmacy instead? What if I am going on holiday?"},{"t":"Restless legs syndrome","d":"Restless legs syndrome (RLS) — urge to move legs, worse at night, causes, iron deficiency link, and NHS treatments.","u":"/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/","s":"Condition","x":"restless legs syndrome Restless legs syndrome causes an uncomfortable urge to move the legs — often with crawling or tingling sensations — worse in the evening and at rest, relieved by movement. It disrupts sleep and is linked to iron deficiency, pregnancy, and kidney disease. Cutting caffeine and alcohol, treating low ferritin, and medicines like pramipexole help many people. See a GP if symptoms affect sleep several nights weekly. RLS affects roughly 5 to 10% of adults — many undiagnosed. Symptoms worsen at rest and in evening/night — walking or stretching brings relief. Check ferritin (iron stores) — levels below 75 mcg/L may worsen RLS even without anaemia. Secondary RLS — pregnancy, iron deficiency, kidney failure, some medicines — treat cause first. Dopamine agonists (pramipexole, ropinirole) are effective but need specialist monitoring long term. What are the symptoms of restless legs syndrome? What causes restless legs syndrome? Can iron deficiency cause restless legs? How is restless legs syndrome treated? Does magnesium help restless legs? Is restless legs syndrome serious?"},{"t":"Rheumatoid arthritis","d":"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) — joint pain and swelling, morning stiffness, diagnosis, NHS DMARD treatment, and when to see a GP urgently.","u":"/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/","s":"Condition","x":"rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing painful, swollen joints — often hands, wrists, and feet — with morning stiffness lasting over 30 minutes. It can affect the whole body including fatigue. Early treatment with disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate prevents joint damage. See a GP urgently if you have hot, swollen joints with fever — exclude septic arthritis. RA affects about 1 in 100 people in the UK — women more than men; peak onset 40 to 60. Symmetrical joint swelling (both hands, both wrists) and prolonged morning stiffness suggest RA. Early referral to rheumatology and DMARDs within 3 months of symptom onset improves long-term outcomes. Methotrexate is the most common first-line DMARD — requires blood monitoring. RA increases cardiovascular disease risk — manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and stop smoking. What are the first signs of rheumatoid arthritis? What is the difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis? Is rheumatoid arthritis curable? What is methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis? Can diet cure rheumatoid arthritis? Does rheumatoid arthritis run in families?"},{"t":"Ringworm","d":"A plain-English guide to ringworm — a common fungal infection — its treatment and prevention.","u":"/conditions/ringworm/","s":"Condition","x":"ringworm Ringworm is a common fungal skin infection — no worm is involved. It causes a ring-shaped, red or silvery rash that can be itchy and scaly. It is easily treated with antifungal creams from a pharmacy and spreads through skin contact, shared items and pets. Ringworm is a fungal infection — there is no worm. It causes a ring-shaped, scaly, often itchy rash. Pharmacy antifungal creams clear most cases. It spreads via skin contact, shared items and animals. What does ringworm look like? How do you catch ringworm? How is ringworm treated? Is ringworm serious?"},{"t":"Rosacea","d":"Rosacea causes facial redness, flushing and sometimes spots — how to spot triggers, what treatments help, and when eye symptoms need a GP.","u":"/conditions/rosacea/","s":"Condition","x":"rosacea Rosacea is a common long-term skin condition that mainly affects the face, causing redness, flushing and sometimes small bumps. There is no cure, but identifying triggers and using treatments can keep it well controlled. It tends to come and go in flare-ups. Rosacea mainly affects the face, causing redness and flushing. It can also cause small bumps and visible blood vessels. It is long-term and tends to flare up and settle. Avoiding triggers and using treatments keeps it controlled. What causes rosacea? What triggers rosacea flare-ups? Can rosacea be cured? How can I look after my skin with rosacea?"},{"t":"RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)","d":"A plain-English guide to RSV — symptoms in babies and adults, home care, and when to seek medical advice.","u":"/conditions/rsv/","s":"Condition","x":"rsv RSV is a common respiratory virus that usually causes cold-like symptoms. In babies, especially those under 6 months, it can cause bronchiolitis with breathlessness and poor feeding. Most infections are mild and get better within 1 to 2 weeks, but seek urgent help if a baby is struggling to breathe or not feeding. RSV is very common — most children have had it by age 2. Symptoms include runny nose, cough, fever and reduced feeding in babies. Can cause bronchiolitis in young babies — wheeze and breathlessness. Spreads like a cold through coughs, sneezes and close contact. An NHS RSV vaccine is offered to older adults and some pregnant women. What is RSV? What is bronchiolitis and how is it linked to RSV? Is there a vaccine for RSV? How can I help a baby with RSV at home? Can adults get RSV?"},{"t":"Runny nose","d":"A runny nose is usually caused by a cold, hay fever or sinusitis and clears on its own. See a GP if it lasts over three weeks, is one-sided or has blood in it.","u":"/symptoms/runny-nose/","s":"Symptom","x":"runny nose A runny nose is excess mucus draining from the nose, most often caused by a viral cold or hay fever. It usually clears up on its own with rest, fluids and saline rinses. See a GP if the discharge lasts more than three weeks, affects one side only, or contains blood. Most runny noses are caused by viral colds and clear up on their own. Hay fever typically causes a watery, runny nose with sneezing. Green mucus does not always mean a bacterial infection needing antibiotics. Saline nasal rinses can help clear mucus and ease congestion. A persistent one-sided discharge should always be checked by a GP. Does green mucus mean I need antibiotics? What is the best treatment for a runny nose caused by hay fever? When is a runny nose a sign of something serious? How can I help a baby with a runny nose?"},{"t":"Scabies","d":"A plain-English guide to scabies — symptoms, treatment, and treating the whole household.","u":"/conditions/scabies/","s":"Condition","x":"scabies Scabies is an intensely itchy skin condition caused by tiny mites burrowing into the skin. The itch is often worse at night. It spreads through close skin contact and is treated with a cream or lotion applied to the whole body — and everyone in the household needs treating at the same time. Scabies is caused by tiny mites burrowing into the skin. It causes intense itching, often worse at night. Treatment is a cream or lotion applied to the whole body. Everyone in the household must be treated at the same time. What are the symptoms of scabies? How do you catch scabies? How is scabies treated? Why am I still itching after treatment?"},{"t":"Scarlet fever: GP, school or 111?","d":"Scarlet fever causes sore throat, fever and a sandpaper rash. See a GP for antibiotics. Stay off school for 24 hours after the first dose.","u":"/conditions/scarlet-fever/","s":"Condition","x":"scarlet fever Scarlet fever is a bacterial illness with a sore throat, fever and a sandpaper-like rash, mainly in children. See a GP for antibiotics. Stay off school for 24 hours after the first dose. Use 111 if they are not drinking. Call 999 if they struggle to breathe, have a fit, or are very hard to wake. Scarlet fever is a streptococcal illness with sore throat, fever and a sandpaper rash. A GP can usually diagnose it from the tongue and rash and will prescribe antibiotics. Stay off nursery, school or work for 24 hours after the first antibiotic dose. The rash can be harder to see on brown and black skin — feel for roughness. Breathing difficulty, a fit, or being very hard to wake is 999. What does the scarlet fever rash look like? Is scarlet fever contagious? Why are antibiotics needed for scarlet fever? How is scarlet fever different from a viral rash? Can adults get scarlet fever? What if we get ill again weeks later?"},{"t":"Schizophrenia","d":"Schizophrenia — psychosis symptoms, early warning signs, NHS treatment with antipsychotics and talking therapies, and crisis support.","u":"/conditions/schizophrenia/","s":"Condition","x":"schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting how a person thinks, feels and behaves — causing psychosis (hallucinations, delusions, disorganised thinking). It usually starts in late teens or twenties. It is not split personality — a common myth. With antipsychotic medication, psychological therapy and community support, many people manage symptoms and live fulfilling lives. Seek urgent help for suicidal thoughts, not eating or drinking, or behaviour putting self or others at risk. Schizophrenia affects about 1 in 100 people — often first episode between ages 15 and 35. Positive symptoms — hallucinations (often hearing voices), delusions, disorganised speech. Negative symptoms — flat mood, social withdrawal, lack of motivation. Not caused by bad parenting or personal weakness — combination of genetics, brain chemistry and stress. Antipsychotics reduce psychosis — early treatment improves long-term outlook. Crisis teams and Early Intervention in Psychosis services provide specialist NHS support after first episode. What are the symptoms of schizophrenia? Is schizophrenia the same as split personality? How is schizophrenia treated on the NHS? Can people with schizophrenia work and have relationships? What triggers a relapse in schizophrenia?"},{"t":"Sciatica","d":"Sciatica is pain that travels from the lower back down the leg, usually caused by a bulging disc pressing on a nerve. Most cases improve in four to six weeks.","u":"/symptoms/sciatica/","s":"Symptom","x":"sciatica Sciatica is pain that travels along the sciatic nerve from the lower back through the buttock and down the leg, often with tingling or numbness. It is usually caused by a bulging disc in the spine pressing on a nerve. Most cases improve within 4 to 6 weeks with pain relief, gentle movement and physiotherapy. Sciatica is a symptom — pain along the sciatic nerve — not a diagnosis in itself. Pain typically runs from the lower back or buttock down one leg, sometimes to the foot. Most cases are caused by a slipped (herniated) disc and improve without surgery. Staying gently active is better than prolonged bed rest. Cauda equina syndrome — numbness in the groin, bladder or bowel problems — is an emergency. What does sciatica pain feel like? What causes sciatica? How long does sciatica last? Should I rest in bed with sciatica? Does sciatica need surgery?"},{"t":"Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)","d":"Seasonal affective disorder — winter depression symptoms, light therapy, NHS talking therapies, and self-help for low mood during darker months.","u":"/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/","s":"Condition","x":"seasonal affective disorder Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that follows a seasonal pattern — symptoms typically start in autumn, worsen through winter, and lift in spring. Low mood, low energy, oversleeping, carbohydrate cravings, and social withdrawal are common. Treatment includes light therapy, talking therapies such as CBT, antidepressants in more severe cases, and lifestyle measures including outdoor daylight exposure and exercise. SAD is depression with a seasonal pattern — most commonly worse in autumn and winter, better in spring. Symptoms include persistent low mood, fatigue, oversleeping, weight gain, and loss of interest in activities. Linked to reduced daylight affecting brain chemicals including serotonin and melatonin. Light therapy using a SAD lamp (10,000 lux) for 30 minutes each morning helps many people. Talking therapies, antidepressants, and lifestyle changes are also effective NHS treatments. What is seasonal affective disorder? What are the symptoms of SAD? What causes SAD? Does light therapy work for SAD? What other treatments are available on the NHS? How is SAD different from ordinary winter tiredness? Can I prevent SAD returning each year?"},{"t":"Sepsis","d":"Sepsis — life-threatening body response to infection — symptoms, when to call 999, and NHS emergency treatment.","u":"/conditions/sepsis/","s":"Condition","x":"sepsis Sepsis is when the body's response to infection injures its own tissues and organs — a medical emergency. Symptoms include confusion, extreme breathlessness, not passing urine, mottled skin, fever or low temperature, and feeling deathly ill. Any infection can trigger it — urine, chest, skin, abdomen. Phone 999 or go to A&E if you suspect sepsis — do not wait. Early antibiotics and fluids in hospital save lives — hours matter. Sepsis kills about 48,000 people yearly in UK — many preventable with early recognition. Anyone with infection can develop sepsis — elderly, babies, immunocompromised, and recent surgery highest risk. NHS uses NEWS2 score in hospitals — public advised \"just ask could it be sepsis\" if very unwell with infection. Septic shock — sepsis with low blood pressure not responding to fluids — highest mortality — needs ICU. Trust instincts — patients and families say they \"never felt so ill\" — seek emergency help. What are the signs of sepsis? What is the difference between sepsis and septicaemia? What causes sepsis? How is sepsis treated? Can sepsis be prevented?"},{"t":"Sertraline: uses, time to work, stopping","d":"Sertraline is an SSRI for depression, anxiety, OCD and PTSD. Benefit often takes weeks. Do not stop suddenly. Crisis support is 999, 111 or Samaritans 116 123.","u":"/treatments/sertraline/","s":"Treatment","x":"sertraline Sertraline is an SSRI antidepressant used for depression, anxiety, OCD and PTSD. A GP starts and reviews it. Benefit often takes several weeks. Do not stop suddenly — taper with a GP. If you cannot keep yourself safe, call 999 or Samaritans on 116 123. In England you can often self-refer to NHS Talking Therapies. Sertraline is a first-choice SSRI on the NHS for depression and many anxiety problems. Mood benefit often takes 4 to 6 weeks — early side effects can appear sooner. Do not stop suddenly; a GP plans a taper. Extra monitoring is used when starting treatment under 25. Crisis support is 999 if you cannot stay safe, or Samaritans on 116 123. This page is not a tablet-strength or titration guide. How long does sertraline take to work? What side effects are common? Can I drink alcohol? How do I stop? Is talking therapy still worth it?"},{"t":"Sexual health","d":"Confidential UK guides to STIs, contraception, emergency contraception and free NHS testing.","u":"/sexual-health/","s":"Topic","x":"sexual health STI chlamydia gonorrhoea herpes HIV contraception emergency pill missed pill thrush PEP clinic"},{"t":"Shingles vaccine","d":"Who should have the shingles vaccine in the UK, how it prevents shingles, and what to expect after vaccination.","u":"/treatments/shingles-vaccine/","s":"Treatment","x":"shingles vaccine The shingles vaccine reduces your risk of getting shingles and post-herpetic neuralgia — lasting nerve pain after shingles. In the UK it is offered on the NHS to adults turning 65 and aged 70 to 79, and to people aged 50 and over with a severely weakened immune system. One dose provides long-lasting protection. Shingles is caused by the chickenpox virus reactivating — more common over 50. The Shingrix vaccine is highly effective at preventing shingles and long-term nerve pain. Offered on the NHS when you turn 65, and to eligible 70 to 79 year olds catching up. Also offered from age 50 if you have a severely weakened immune system. Common side effects — sore arm, headache, tiredness — usually last 1 to 2 days. Who is eligible for the free NHS shingles vaccine? How effective is the shingles vaccine? Can I have the shingles vaccine if I have already had shingles? What are the side effects? Can I have the shingles vaccine if I never had chickenpox?"},{"t":"Shingles: pharmacy, GP or 111?","d":"Shingles is a painful one-sided blister rash. Antivirals work best if started early. A rash near the eye is urgent. Pharmacy First can assess some adults.","u":"/conditions/shingles/","s":"Condition","x":"shingles Shingles is a painful blister rash, usually on one side, from the chickenpox virus reactivating. See a pharmacist or GP quickly — antivirals work best within about three days of the rash. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some adults. A rash near the eye is urgent. Call 999 if vision fails or the face droops. Shingles is the chickenpox virus reactivating — you cannot catch shingles from someone else. Someone with shingles can give chickenpox to a person who has never had it while blisters are wet. Antivirals work best if started within about three days of the rash. A rash near the eye or on the nose needs urgent advice the same day. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some adult shingles; eligibility applies, so ask. What causes shingles? Can a pharmacist treat shingles in England? How soon do I need treatment? Is a rash near the eye an emergency? Should I stay off work with shingles? Is there a shingles vaccine?"},{"t":"Shortness of breath: 999 or GP?","d":"Sudden severe breathlessness is 999. Ongoing breathlessness that limits what you used to do needs a GP. This page cannot tell anxiety from a clot.","u":"/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/","s":"Symptom","x":"shortness of breath Shortness of breath is a feeling that you cannot get enough air. Sudden severe breathlessness, breathlessness at rest, blue lips, or breathlessness with crushing chest pain is a 999 call. Ongoing breathlessness that has crept into everyday tasks needs a GP. Do not decide it is 'only anxiety' the first time it happens. Sudden severe breathlessness is a 999 emergency until proven otherwise. Blue lips or face, or breathlessness with crushing chest pain, is 999. New breathlessness on tasks you used to manage needs a GP, not a wait-and-see month. Anxiety can cause real breathlessness — the first episode still needs medical assessment. When is shortness of breath an emergency? Can anxiety cause breathlessness? Should I worry about being puffed when I exercise? What will a GP check? Could it be a blood clot on the lung? What should I do while I wait for a GP?"},{"t":"Shoulder pain","d":"Shoulder pain is often caused by rotator cuff problems or frozen shoulder and usually improves with physiotherapy over weeks. See a GP after an injury.","u":"/symptoms/shoulder-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"shoulder pain Shoulder pain is a common problem, often caused by rotator cuff tendinopathy, frozen shoulder or pain referred from the neck. Most cases improve over weeks with physiotherapy, gentle movement and suitable pain relief. See a GP if the pain follows an injury, comes with fever, or is not improving. Rotator cuff problems are a very common cause of shoulder pain. Frozen shoulder causes stiffness and pain that can last for months. Pain from a neck problem is often felt in the shoulder. A dislocated shoulder follows trauma and needs emergency care. A shoulder that is red and hot may be a sign of infection. What is frozen shoulder? How can I tell whether pain is coming from my neck or my shoulder? How long does shoulder pain take to recover? Should I immobilise a painful shoulder or keep it moving?"},{"t":"Sickle cell disease","d":"Sickle cell disease — painful crises, anaemia, infection risk, newborn screening, and NHS specialist care for children and adults.","u":"/conditions/sickle-cell-disease/","s":"Condition","x":"sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder where red blood cells become sickle-shaped — causing anaemia, painful crises, and organ damage. Most common in people of African and Caribbean heritage. Newborn blood spot screening in England identifies babies early — penicillin and vaccinations prevent serious infection. Painful crises need urgent hospital treatment with strong pain relief and fluids. Hydroxycarbamide reduces crisis frequency. See a GP or haematology team for fever over 38°C in SCD — medical emergency due to sepsis risk. About 15,000 people in the UK have sickle cell disease — one of the commonest serious genetic conditions. Sickle cell trait (carrier) is different from disease — usually no symptoms but important for genetic counselling. Painful vaso-occlusive crisis — severe bone and joint pain — main cause of hospital admission. Fever in sickle cell patient is emergency — overwhelming sepsis risk — attend A&E immediately. Hydroxycarbamide, transfusions, and stem cell transplant are main disease-modifying treatments. What is sickle cell disease? What is a sickle cell crisis? How is sickle cell disease treated? What is sickle cell trait? Can people with sickle cell disease live normal lives?"},{"t":"Sildenafil and tadalafil","d":"PDE5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction — Viagra (sildenafil) and Cialis (tadalafil): how they work, dosing, NHS access, side effects, and safety with heart medicines.","u":"/treatments/sildenafil-and-tadalafil/","s":"Treatment","x":"sildenafil and tadalafil Sildenafil (Viagra) and tadalafil (Cialis) improve erections by increasing blood flow when you are sexually aroused — they work for about 70 to 80% of men with physical ED. Sildenafil lasts 4 to 6 hours; tadalafil up to 36 hours or can be taken daily at low dose. Available on NHS prescription and from UK pharmacies. Never take with nitrates (GTN spray) or poppers. PDE5 inhibitors require sexual stimulation — they do not cause automatic erections. Generic sildenafil is available on NHS prescription after GP assessment. Sildenafil works best on an empty stomach; tadalafil is less affected by food. Combining with nitrates or poppers causes dangerous blood pressure drop — never mix. See a GP for new ED — it can indicate cardiovascular disease needing treatment. How much sildenafil should I take? Can I take tadalafil every day? Why did Viagra not work for me? Are Viagra and Cialis available over the counter? What are common side effects of Viagra? Can I take Viagra with blood pressure tablets?"},{"t":"Sinusitis: pharmacy, GP or 111?","d":"Most sinusitis follows a cold and settles without antibiotics. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some cases. Eye swelling or a severe headache with a stiff neck is urgent.","u":"/conditions/sinusitis/","s":"Condition","x":"sinusitis Sinusitis is swelling of the sinuses, usually after a cold. Facial pressure and a blocked nose are typical. Most cases are viral and improve without antibiotics. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some sinusitis — eligibility applies, so ask. Use 111 if you are very unwell. Call 999 for eye swelling or a stiff neck with severe headache. Sinusitis is inflammation of the sinuses, often after a cold. Most cases are viral; antibiotics are usually not needed. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some sinusitis; eligibility applies, so ask. Salt-water nose rinses and pharmacy pain relief are the usual first steps. Swelling around an eye, confusion, or a severe headache with a stiff neck is urgent. What causes sinusitis? How long does sinusitis last? Can a pharmacist treat sinusitis in England? How can I treat sinusitis at home? Do I need antibiotics for sinusitis? When is sinusitis an emergency?"},{"t":"Skin and hair","d":"Trusted guides to skin and hair conditions, including eczema, psoriasis, acne and hair loss — how to spot them, treat them at home and when to see a GP.","u":"/topics/skin-and-hair/","s":"Topic","x":"acne alopecia areata athletes foot cellulitis cold sores contact dermatitis eczema hair loss head lice hives impetigo melanoma non melanoma skin cancer psoriasis ringworm rosacea scabies shingles verrucas vitiligo hair loss symptom itchy skin mole changes rash rashes in children aciclovir and antivirals antifungal medicines antihistamines hair loss treatments shingles vaccine topical steroids"},{"t":"Slapped cheek syndrome","d":"A plain-English guide to slapped cheek syndrome (fifth disease) — the rash, how it spreads, and when children need medical advice.","u":"/conditions/slapped-cheek-syndrome/","s":"Condition","x":"slapped cheek syndrome Slapped cheek syndrome is a common mild viral illness in children, caused by parvovirus B19. It often starts with cold-like symptoms, then a bright red rash on both cheeks that looks like a slap mark. Most children recover within 1 to 3 weeks without treatment, but the rash can come and go for several weeks. Most common in children aged 4 to 12. The \"slapped cheek\" rash is often the most noticeable sign. A lace-like rash on the body may follow the cheek rash. Infectious before the rash appears — often spread without knowing. Usually mild in healthy children; pregnant women exposed should seek advice. Why is it called slapped cheek syndrome? Is slapped cheek syndrome contagious? How long does the rash last? Does slapped cheek syndrome need antibiotics? Can adults get slapped cheek syndrome?"},{"t":"Sleep apnoea","d":"Obstructive sleep apnoea explained — snoring, breathing pauses, daytime tiredness, diagnosis with sleep studies, CPAP treatment, and links to weight and heart health.","u":"/conditions/sleep-apnoea/","s":"Condition","x":"sleep apnoea Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) means your airway repeatedly collapses during sleep, causing breathing pauses, snoring, and fragmented sleep. You may feel exhausted despite sleeping, with morning headaches and poor concentration. It is common in overweight men but affects women too — especially after menopause. CPAP is the main NHS treatment; weight loss often helps. OSA affects an estimated 1 in 8 adults — most are undiagnosed. Loud snoring with witnessed breathing pauses is a classic sign. Untreated OSA increases risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and road accidents. CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) is highly effective when used consistently. Weight loss of 10% can significantly reduce OSA severity. What are the symptoms of sleep apnoea? What causes sleep apnoea? How is sleep apnoea diagnosed? Does CPAP cure sleep apnoea? Can sleep apnoea cause erectile dysfunction? Is sleep apnoea dangerous?"},{"t":"Snoring","d":"Snoring happens when relaxed throat tissues vibrate during sleep and is often harmless, but breathing pauses and daytime sleepiness can mean sleep apnoea.","u":"/symptoms/snoring/","s":"Symptom","x":"snoring Snoring is the noisy breathing that happens when relaxed tissues in the throat vibrate during sleep. It is very common and often harmless, but pauses in breathing and excessive daytime sleepiness can be signs of sleep apnoea. See a GP if you notice these features. Being overweight and drinking alcohol both make snoring worse. Sleeping on your back makes snoring more likely than sleeping on your side. Sleep apnoea carries health risks, including a link with high blood pressure. CPAP is a highly effective treatment for sleep apnoea. Children who snore persistently should be assessed for enlarged tonsils or adenoids. Why do people snore? What is sleep apnoea? Do anti-snoring devices work? Should I worry if my child snores?"},{"t":"Social anxiety","d":"A plain-English guide to social anxiety disorder — symptoms, what helps, and the therapies and support available on the NHS.","u":"/conditions/social-anxiety/","s":"Condition","x":"social anxiety Social anxiety (social phobia) is an intense, lasting fear of social or performance situations — being judged, embarrassed or watched. It is more than shyness and can affect work, study and relationships. It is very common and very treatable, mainly with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and sometimes medication. Social anxiety is a persistent fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations. It is more than shyness — it lasts, feels overwhelming, and gets in the way of daily life. Common signs include dreading everyday tasks like speaking in groups, eating in public or making phone calls. CBT is the most effective treatment, and it is available free on the NHS. You can refer yourself to NHS talking therapies in England without seeing a GP first. What are the symptoms of social anxiety? Is social anxiety just shyness? What therapies help social anxiety disorder? How do I get help for social anxiety on the NHS? Can social anxiety be cured?"},{"t":"Sore throat: pharmacy, GP or 111?","d":"Most sore throats are viral and settle in a week. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some cases. Difficulty breathing or swallowing saliva is urgent.","u":"/conditions/sore-throat/","s":"Condition","x":"sore throat A sore throat is usually a virus and gets better within about a week with rest, fluids and pharmacy pain relief. Antibiotics are rarely needed. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some sore throats. Skip the pharmacy and use 111 or 999 if you cannot swallow saliva, are drooling, or cannot breathe. Most sore throats are viral and clear in about a week. Antibiotics do not help a viral throat and are reserved for selected bacterial cases. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some sore throats without a GP appointment. Difficulty breathing, drooling, or being unable to swallow fluids is urgent. What causes a sore throat? Can a pharmacist treat a sore throat in England? How long does a sore throat last? When do I need antibiotics? Is a sore throat in a child more serious?"},{"t":"Sprains and strains","d":"How to manage a sprain or muscle strain for the first 2 to 3 days, pain relief, and signs that may indicate a fracture.","u":"/conditions/sprains-and-strains/","s":"Condition","x":"sprains and strains For the first 2 to 3 days after a sprain or strain, protect and rest the area, use a wrapped ice pack for up to 20 minutes every 2 to 3 hours, apply comfortable compression and elevate it. Seek urgent assessment if the limb looks deformed, is numb, turns blue or grey, or you heard a crack. Sprains injure ligaments; strains affect muscles or tendons. Avoid heat, alcohol and massage for the first couple of days. Gentle movement should begin as pain allows to prevent stiffness. How long does a sprain take to heal? Should I use ice or heat? How can I tell a sprain from a fracture?"},{"t":"Squint (strabismus)","d":"A plain-English guide to a squint (strabismus) in children and adults — why the eyes turn, and the treatments that help, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.","u":"/conditions/squint/","s":"Condition","x":"squint A squint (strabismus) is when the eyes point in different directions — one eye may turn in, out, up or down while the other looks ahead. It is common in young children and can also start in adulthood. Treatments include glasses, eye exercises, patching and, in some cases, surgery to straighten the eyes. Getting a child's squint checked early is important to protect their sight. A squint is when the eyes do not point in the same direction. It is common in young children and can affect adults too. In children, an untreated squint can lead to a lazy eye. Treatments include glasses, patching and squint surgery. Will my child grow out of a squint? Can adults develop a squint? Does a squint always need surgery? Is a squint just a cosmetic problem?"},{"t":"Squint (strabismus) surgery","d":"How squint surgery straightens the eyes in children and adults, what to expect, recovery and risks — reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.","u":"/treatments/squint-surgery/","s":"Treatment","x":"squint surgery Squint surgery adjusts the muscles that move the eye so the eyes line up better. It is used for children and adults when glasses, patching or exercises are not enough, and it can improve eye alignment, help with double vision, and restore a more natural appearance. In children it is usually a day-case operation under general anaesthetic. Squint surgery repositions the muscles that move the eye. It is used when glasses, patching or exercises are not enough. Children usually have it under general anaesthetic as a day case. It can improve eye alignment, double vision and appearance. Is squint surgery safe? Does squint surgery hurt afterwards? Will the squint come back? Can adults have squint surgery?"},{"t":"Statins: why GPs prescribe them","d":"Statins are GP-prescribed medicines that lower cholesterol and reduce heart attack and stroke risk. They are not a dose guide. Report side effects.","u":"/treatments/statins/","s":"Treatment","x":"statins Statins are medicines prescribed by a GP to lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. They are usually taken once a day, long term, alongside lifestyle changes. Most people tolerate them. Do not start or stop them without medical advice. This page does not give doses or cholesterol targets. Statins are GP-prescribed medicines that lower cholesterol and reduce heart and stroke risk. They are usually taken once daily and often continued long term. Lifestyle changes still matter — diet, activity, not smoking — alongside the tablet. Most people take them without problems; muscle aches should be reported rather than ignored. Do not stop suddenly without advice, because protection then drops. This page is not a dose guide and does not set cholesterol targets. Why have I been prescribed a statin? Do I have to take them for life? What side effects should I report? Can I still eat normally? Are all statins the same? Do I still need blood tests? What else reduces heart risk besides a statin?"},{"t":"Steroid creams (topical corticosteroids)","d":"What steroid creams are, what they treat, and how to use them safely on the skin.","u":"/treatments/topical-steroids/","s":"Treatment","x":"topical steroids Steroid creams (topical corticosteroids) are used to calm inflamed, itchy or red skin in conditions like eczema and psoriasis. They come in different strengths and work well when used correctly for flare-ups. Used as directed by a GP or pharmacist, they are a safe and effective treatment. Steroid creams calm inflammation, redness and itching in skin conditions. They come in different strengths for different areas and severities. They are used for flare-ups, usually for a limited time. Used as directed, they are safe and effective. Are steroid creams safe? How much steroid cream should I use? Can I use steroid cream on my face? Should I keep moisturising while using steroid cream?"},{"t":"Steroid nasal sprays","d":"What steroid nasal sprays treat, how to use them properly, and why technique and patience matter.","u":"/treatments/steroid-nasal-sprays/","s":"Treatment","x":"steroid nasal sprays Steroid nasal sprays reduce inflammation inside the nose and are a mainstay treatment for hay fever, allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps. They are safe for most people, but they work gradually — taking days to reach full effect — and good spray technique makes a real difference. Steroid nasal sprays calm inflammation inside the nose. They are a mainstay for hay fever and allergic rhinitis. They work gradually — allow several days for full effect. Correct spray technique noticeably improves results. How long does a steroid nasal spray take to work? What is the correct technique? Are steroid nasal sprays safe long term? Why isn't my spray working?"},{"t":"Stress: what helps and when to get help","d":"Stress is a response to pressure. Short bursts can be useful. Ongoing stress that wrecks sleep, mood or work needs a GP or talking therapies, not just a weekend off.","u":"/conditions/stress/","s":"Condition","x":"stress Stress is how your body and mind react to pressure. Short bursts can help you perform. Ongoing stress that affects sleep, mood, relationships or work is worth treating as a health problem. Self-help, a GP, and NHS talking therapies can all help. If you cannot keep yourself safe, call 999, Samaritans on 116 123, or text SHOUT to 85258. Short-term stress is common; ongoing stress that changes sleep, mood or work needs a plan. Physical symptoms such as a tight chest, headache and gut upset can be stress — first episodes still need medical thought. Alcohol and extra caffeine often make the next day worse. In England you can often self-refer to NHS Talking Therapies without a GP. See a GP if you cannot cope, or if anxiety or depression may be part of the picture. Crisis support is 999 if you cannot stay safe, or Samaritans on 116 123. Is stress the same as anxiety? Can stress cause physical symptoms? What actually helps? Should I take time off work? When is it an emergency?"},{"t":"Stroke","d":"How to recognise a stroke — FAST warning signs, what to do in an emergency, and recovery after a stroke.","u":"/conditions/stroke/","s":"Condition","x":"stroke A stroke happens when blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. It is a medical emergency — call 999 immediately if someone's face droops on one side, they cannot raise both arms, or their speech is slurred or strange. Fast treatment saves lives and reduces long-term disability. Stroke affects more than 100,000 people a year in the UK. The FAST test helps recognise stroke — Face, Arms, Speech, Time to call 999. Every minute counts — emergency treatment can restore blood flow to the brain. High blood pressure is the biggest modifiable risk factor. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) — \"mini-stroke\" — also needs urgent assessment. What is the FAST test for stroke? What causes a stroke? What is a TIA (mini-stroke)? Can stroke be treated? How can I reduce my stroke risk?"},{"t":"Stye","d":"A plain-English guide to styes — painful lumps on the eyelid — and how to treat them at home.","u":"/conditions/stye/","s":"Condition","x":"stye A stye is a small, painful lump on or inside the eyelid, caused by a minor infection at the base of an eyelash. Styes are common and usually harmless, clearing up by themselves within a week or two. A warm compress several times a day is the main treatment. A stye is a painful lump on the eyelid from a minor infection. Most clear up on their own within 1 to 2 weeks. A warm compress several times a day is the main treatment. Never squeeze or burst a stye. What causes a stye? How do I get rid of a stye? Should I pop a stye? Are styes contagious?"},{"t":"Sudden confusion","d":"Sudden confusion or delirium is an emergency symptom—how to recognise it, common causes, and what to do while waiting for help.","u":"/symptoms/sudden-confusion/","s":"Symptom","x":"sudden confusion Sudden confusion, also called delirium, is a rapid change in awareness, thinking or behaviour. It can be caused by infection, stroke, low blood sugar, medicines, seizures or other serious illness. Call 999 or attend A&E because the cause needs urgent assessment. A person may not know their name, age, location or today's date. Symptoms can fluctuate between agitation and unusual sleepiness. New confusion is not a normal part of ageing or dementia. How can I check whether someone is confused? Is sudden confusion the same as dementia? What can cause sudden confusion?"},{"t":"Sudden vision loss","d":"Sudden loss or severe change of vision needs urgent assessment—recognise retinal, stroke and painful-eye warning signs.","u":"/symptoms/sudden-vision-loss/","s":"Symptom","x":"sudden vision loss Sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes is an emergency. Call 999 if it occurs with facial droop, arm weakness, speech difficulty, severe headache, confusion or dizziness. Otherwise seek immediate eye emergency or A&E assessment; do not wait for a routine optician appointment. Temporary vision loss can still signal a circulation problem or TIA. A curtain or shadow with new flashes or floaters can indicate retinal detachment. Severe eye pain, redness, headache and nausea can indicate acute glaucoma. What if my sight returned after a few minutes? Are flashes and floaters always an emergency? Should I see an optician or A&E?"},{"t":"Supporting someone at an appointment: a practical guide","d":"Help an adult prepare for a GP or hospital appointment, ask for communication support and keep track of the plan while respecting their wishes and privacy.","u":"/guides/supporting-someone-at-an-appointment/","s":"Guide","x":"supporting someone at an appointment Ask the person what support they want before the appointment. Agree whether you will help prepare questions, take notes or explain something they want the professional to know. Contact the service in advance about access or communication needs. Keep the person's priorities central and check together who will handle the next steps. Agree your role with the person before attending. Ask the service in advance about an interpreter or other communication support. Attending together does not automatically give you access to their health records. What if the person wants part of the appointment alone? Can I use their NHS login to help with results or prescriptions? What if written information is difficult to use?"},{"t":"Swollen ankles","d":"Swollen ankles are often caused by standing, hot weather or pregnancy, but heart or kidney disease and a DVT can also cause swelling that needs GP review.","u":"/symptoms/swollen-ankles/","s":"Symptom","x":"swollen ankles Swollen ankles happen when fluid collects in the lower legs, often after long periods of standing, in hot weather or during pregnancy. Elevating the legs and moving around regularly usually helps. Swelling that affects one leg, is painful, or comes with breathlessness needs prompt medical assessment. Long periods of standing and hot weather commonly cause mild ankle swelling. Heart disease and kidney disease can both cause fluid retention and oedema. A deep vein thrombosis (DVT) typically causes swelling in one leg only. Blood pressure medicines such as amlodipine can cause ankle swelling. Facial swelling with a headache during pregnancy needs urgent medical review. Why do my ankles swell when I stand? Is ankle swelling normal in pregnancy? Can medicines cause swollen ankles? When is a swollen ankle a sign of a blood clot?"},{"t":"Swollen face","d":"Facial swelling is often due to allergy, dental infection or sinusitis; allergic swelling with breathing difficulty is anaphylaxis — call 999.","u":"/symptoms/swollen-face/","s":"Symptom","x":"swollen face A swollen face is usually caused by an allergic reaction, a dental infection or sinusitis. Allergic swelling of the lips or eyes with any breathing difficulty is anaphylaxis and needs an immediate 999 call. A dental abscess that spreads into the face also needs prompt treatment, so see a dentist or GP quickly. Allergic reactions and angioedema are common causes of facial swelling. A dental infection can spread into the face and needs prompt treatment. Sinusitis can cause noticeable swelling over the cheeks. ACE inhibitor blood pressure medicines can trigger angioedema. Facial swelling with a headache in pregnancy needs urgent assessment for pre-eclampsia. What does an allergic reaction on the face look like? Can a tooth abscess cause facial swelling? What is angioedema? Is facial swelling in pregnancy serious?"},{"t":"Swollen glands","d":"Swollen glands (lymph nodes) are usually a normal reaction to infection, but painless, hard, growing or persistent lumps need GP assessment.","u":"/symptoms/swollen-glands/","s":"Symptom","x":"swollen glands Swollen glands are enlarged lymph nodes that usually mean your immune system is fighting an infection, such as a throat, ear, or skin infection. They typically feel tender and settle within 2 to 4 weeks. See a GP if lumps persist over 2 weeks, are painless and hard, keep growing, or come with night sweats or weight loss. Lymph nodes filter fluid and trap bacteria, so swelling is a normal immune response. Neck glands often swell with sore throat, cold, or ear infection. Most settle within 2 to 4 weeks after infection resolves. Painless, hard, fixed lumps lasting over 2 weeks need GP assessment. Night sweats, weight loss, or itching with swollen glands need prompt investigation. Why do glands swell when you are ill? How long do swollen glands take to go down? Can swollen glands be cancer? What is glandular fever? Should I massage swollen lymph nodes?"},{"t":"Symptoms","d":"What common symptoms can mean and when to see a GP.","u":"/symptoms/","s":"Browse","x":"symptoms browse pain rash fever headache"},{"t":"Syphilis","d":"Syphilis — stages, symptoms, blood testing, NHS antibiotic treatment, and why cases are rising in the UK.","u":"/conditions/syphilis/","s":"Condition","x":"syphilis Syphilis is a bacterial STI that progresses through stages — painless sore (chancre) first, then rash and flu-like illness, then latent years without symptoms, and finally serious organ damage if untreated. Diagnosed by blood test; cured with penicillin injections. Cases are rising in the UK — test if at risk. All pregnant women are screened — untreated syphilis harms the baby. Syphilis cases have risen sharply in England — especially among men who have sex with men. Primary syphilis — usually painless genital, anal, or oral ulcer — heals in weeks but infection persists. Blood tests detect syphilis — may take up to 3 months after exposure to turn positive. Penicillin injection is first-line treatment — cure at all stages though late damage may be irreversible. Routine antenatal screening detects syphilis in pregnancy — treatment prevents congenital syphilis. What are the symptoms of syphilis? Is syphilis curable? How is syphilis tested? How is syphilis treated on the NHS? Can syphilis come back after treatment? What is congenital syphilis?"},{"t":"Talking therapies: how to find one","d":"NHS talking therapies explained — CBT, counselling and EMDR, how to self-refer for free, and how to find a registered therapist near you in the UK.","u":"/treatments/talking-therapies/","s":"Treatment","x":"talking therapies Talking therapies are treatments where you work through problems with a trained professional. The most common is CBT. In England you can refer yourself to NHS Talking Therapies for free without seeing a GP. You can also find a registered private therapist through bodies such as the BACP, UKCP or HCPC. Help is available even while NHS waiting lists are long. Talking therapies treat anxiety, depression, PTSD, OCD and many other problems. CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) is the most widely used and has the strongest evidence for anxiety and depression. In England you can self-refer to NHS Talking Therapies free of charge — no GP referral needed. For private therapy, always choose someone registered with a recognised body such as the BACP, UKCP, NCPS, BPS or HCPC. Lower-cost and shorter-wait options exist, including charities, university clinics and guided online courses. What are talking therapies? What is CBT and what does it help with? How do I refer myself to NHS talking therapies? How do I find a therapist near me? How can I tell if a private therapist is qualified? What is EMDR therapy? How can I get therapy if NHS waiting lists are long? Do online and app-based therapies work?"},{"t":"Teething symptoms","d":"When babies start teething, symptoms that fit teething, safe soothing measures, and why high fever or diarrhoea needs another explanation.","u":"/symptoms/teething-symptoms/","s":"Symptom","x":"teething symptoms Teething often starts around 6 months and may cause a sore red gum, dribbling, chewing, irritability and disturbed sleep. It may cause a slight temperature below 38C, but high fever, diarrhoea or a very unwell baby should not be assumed to be teething. First teeth can appear before 4 months or after 12 months. A cooled teething ring and gentle gum massage may help. Avoid amber necklaces because of choking and strangulation risk. Does teething cause a high temperature? Are teething gels safe? Do amber teething necklaces work?"},{"t":"Tension headache","d":"A plain-English guide to tension headaches — what they feel like, common causes, and how to ease them.","u":"/conditions/tension-headache/","s":"Condition","x":"tension headache A tension headache is the most common type of headache. It usually feels like a constant ache or pressure around the head, often described as a tight band. It is not normally serious and can usually be eased with rest, over-the-counter painkillers and managing triggers such as stress. Tension headaches are the most common type of headache. They feel like pressure or a tight band around the head, on both sides. They are usually mild to moderate and not a sign of anything serious. Stress, tiredness, poor posture and dehydration are common triggers. What does a tension headache feel like? What causes tension headaches? How do I get rid of a tension headache? Should I worry about frequent headaches?"},{"t":"Testicular cancer","d":"Testicular cancer — lump in testicle, self-check, diagnosis, and highly treatable NHS treatment including surgery and chemotherapy.","u":"/conditions/testicular-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"testicular cancer Testicular cancer mainly affects men aged 15 to 49 — most present with painless lump or swelling in a testicle. It is one of the most curable cancers — over 95% survive 10 years when treated promptly. See a GP within 2 weeks for any new lump or change in testicle — do not wait. Diagnosis by ultrasound and blood markers (AFP, HCG, LDH). Treatment — surgery to remove testicle (orchidectomy) plus chemotherapy or radiotherapy depending on type and stage. Testicular cancer affects about 2,400 men yearly in UK — peak age 15 to 49 but any age possible. Most lumps are not cancer — but every new testicular lump needs urgent GP assessment and ultrasound. Painless hard lump on testicle is classic presentation — not always painful. Seminoma and non-seminoma germ cell tumours are main types — treatment differs slightly. Orchidectomy does not usually affect fertility if one testicle remains — bank sperm before chemo if desired. How do I check my testicles for cancer? What does testicular cancer feel like? Is testicular cancer curable? Will I lose both testicles? What are tumour markers in testicular cancer?"},{"t":"Testicular lump","d":"A testicular lump usually is not cancer, but any new lump needs same-day GP assessment, since testicular cancer is highly treatable when caught early.","u":"/symptoms/testicular-lump/","s":"Symptom","x":"testicular lump A testicular lump is any new swelling or hard area on a testicle, and it needs same-day GP assessment. Testicular cancer mainly affects men aged 15 to 45 and is one of the most treatable cancers when found early. Most lumps are not cancer, since cysts and varicoceles are common, but never ignore a new lump or change. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged 15 to 45, but it is still rare overall. A hard lump on the testicle itself, rather than the scrotal skin, is the classic sign. Over 95% of testicular cancers are curable when found early. A monthly self-check after a warm bath helps you know what is normal for you. Do not delay, and book a same-day GP appointment for any new testicular lump. How do I check my testicles? What does testicular cancer feel like? What else causes testicular lumps? How is testicular cancer treated? Will I still be fertile with one testicle?"},{"t":"Testicular pain","d":"Sudden testicle pain can be torsion and needs emergency treatment—other causes, self-checks and when to seek help.","u":"/symptoms/testicular-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"testicular pain Sudden severe testicular pain, especially with swelling, nausea, tummy pain or a testicle sitting higher than usual, can be testicular torsion. Go to A&E immediately because surgery may be needed within hours. Gradual or mild pain also needs medical assessment if it persists. Torsion can occur at any age but is more common around puberty. Pain improving by itself does not safely exclude intermittent torsion. Infection, injury, hernia and cysts are other possible causes. Can testicular torsion pain come and go? Is testicular pain usually cancer? Can an infection cause testicular pain?"},{"t":"Testosterone replacement therapy","d":"NHS testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) — gels, patches, and injections for hypogonadism: who qualifies, monitoring, side effects, and fertility warnings.","u":"/treatments/testosterone-replacement-therapy/","s":"Treatment","x":"testosterone replacement therapy Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) treats confirmed male hypogonadism — low testosterone on two morning blood tests with matching symptoms. Options include daily gels (Testogel), patches, or injections every 10 to 14 weeks. TRT improves libido, mood, and muscle mass in deficient men but suppresses sperm production. Regular blood monitoring for PSA, haematocrit, and testosterone levels is required. TRT is only for diagnosed hypogonadism — not for anti-ageing in men with normal levels. Testosterone gels must not transfer to partners or children — wash hands after application. TRT suppresses natural sperm production — discuss fertility before starting. Polycythaemia (raised haematocrit) is a common side effect — monitored by blood tests. Treat reversible causes (obesity, sleep apnoea) before or alongside TRT. How is testosterone gel applied? What are the side effects of testosterone replacement? How often do I need blood tests on TRT? Can women use testosterone? Does TRT shrink the testicles? Can I stop testosterone replacement suddenly?"},{"t":"Tests and investigations","d":"Blood tests, scans and NHS screening programmes explained in plain English.","u":"/tests/","s":"Browse","x":"tests investigations blood test scan screening mammogram colonoscopy MRI"},{"t":"Threadworms: pharmacy or GP?","d":"Threadworms cause an itchy bottom, especially at night. A pharmacy can treat most households. There is no need to stay off school. Under-2s need a GP.","u":"/conditions/threadworms/","s":"Condition","x":"threadworms Threadworms are tiny white worms that cause an itchy bottom, often worse at night. A pharmacist can usually treat the whole household. Hygiene for two weeks stops eggs causing reinfection. There is no need to stay off school. See a GP for children under 2, pregnancy or breastfeeding. This is not a 999 illness on its own. Threadworms look like tiny pieces of white thread in poo or around the bottom. Itching is often worse at night, when eggs are laid. A pharmacy can treat most households; everyone over 2 is often treated together. Medicine kills worms but not eggs — hygiene for two weeks matters. NHS advice: no need to stay off nursery, school or work. How do I know if my child has threadworms? How do you catch threadworms? How are threadworms treated? Why does the whole family need treating? Should my child stay off school? What hygiene steps actually help?"},{"t":"Thrush: pharmacy first, GP if recurrent","d":"Vaginal or oral thrush is a yeast infection. A pharmacist can often treat uncomplicated vaginal thrush. Recurrent, pregnancy, or first-time uncertainty needs a GP.","u":"/conditions/thrush/","s":"Condition","x":"thrush Thrush is a yeast infection, usually Candida. Vaginal thrush causes itching, soreness and a thick white discharge without a strong smell. Uncomplicated cases are often treated from a pharmacy. See a GP if it keeps coming back, you are pregnant, under 16, or treatment has not worked. Thrush is not always an STI. Thrush is a yeast overgrowth, not always a sexually transmitted infection. Vaginal thrush typically itches and causes a thick white discharge without a strong smell. A pharmacist can often advise on antifungal treatment for uncomplicated vaginal thrush. Recurrent thrush — several episodes a year — needs a GP, not another round of the same cream. Oral thrush in babies, and thrush in pregnancy, should be checked rather than self-treated first. A fishy smell is more like bacterial vaginosis than classic thrush. What are the symptoms of vaginal thrush? Is thrush a sexually transmitted infection? Can I treat thrush without seeing a doctor? What causes thrush to keep coming back? How is oral thrush different? Could this be an STI instead? Can men get thrush?"},{"t":"Thyroid cancer","d":"Thyroid cancer — neck lump, diagnosis, types including papillary and medullary, and NHS treatment with surgery and radioactive iodine.","u":"/conditions/thyroid-cancer/","s":"Condition","x":"thyroid cancer Thyroid cancer is cancer of the thyroid gland in the neck — often found as painless lump or incidentally on scan. Papillary thyroid cancer is commonest and has excellent prognosis — over 90% 10-year survival. Most need surgery (partial or total thyroidectomy) and may receive radioactive iodine. Thyroid function blood tests are usually normal. See a GP for lump in front of neck moving on swallowing, hoarse voice, or neck lymph nodes — 2-week wait referral. Very treatable compared with many cancers when caught early. About 3,900 thyroid cancer cases in the UK each year — incidence rising partly due to incidental detection on imaging. Papillary carcinoma accounts for about 80% — slow growing, excellent survival with treatment. Neck lump in thyroid region that moves on swallowing — classic sign — most lumps are benign goitre or nodules. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy under ultrasound guides diagnosis — Bethesda classification. Lifelong levothyroxine replacement after total thyroidectomy — TSH suppression may be used in high-risk disease. What are the symptoms of thyroid cancer? What are the types of thyroid cancer? How is thyroid cancer diagnosed? How is thyroid cancer treated? What is the outlook for thyroid cancer?"},{"t":"Thyroid function test","d":"A thyroid function test checks TSH and often free T4 to diagnose underactive or overactive thyroid — what results mean and how treatment is monitored.","u":"/tests/thyroid-function-test/","s":"Test","x":"thyroid function test A thyroid function test is a blood test that usually measures TSH and often free T4 to check for underactive or overactive thyroid. No fasting is needed. It is commonly requested for tiredness, weight change, palpitations or cold/heat intolerance. Results guide medicines such as levothyroxine. TSH is the main screening test for thyroid problems. High TSH usually suggests an underactive thyroid; low TSH an overactive one. Free T4 (and sometimes T3) helps confirm the pattern. Autoimmune thyroid disease is a common cause in the UK. Levothyroxine dose is adjusted using repeat blood tests. What symptoms suggest I might need a thyroid test? Do I need to fast before a thyroid function test? What does a high TSH mean? How is thyroid function monitored in pregnancy? Can biotin supplements affect thyroid tests?"},{"t":"Tinnitus","d":"A plain-English guide to tinnitus — what causes ringing in the ears, what helps, and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/tinnitus/","s":"Condition","x":"tinnitus Tinnitus is hearing a sound, such as ringing, buzzing or humming, that does not come from an outside source. It is very common and often not a sign of anything serious. It can improve on its own, and there are ways to manage it, though it sometimes needs assessment by a GP. Tinnitus is hearing a sound with no external source. It is very common and often not serious. It can be linked to hearing loss, earwax, or loud noise exposure. It often improves, and there are ways to manage it. What causes tinnitus? Will my tinnitus go away? How can I cope with tinnitus? When should tinnitus be checked urgently?"},{"t":"Tiredness and fatigue: when to see a GP","d":"Tiredness is often sleep, stress or routine. Constant unexplained fatigue needs a GP. Breathlessness, weight loss or feeling unable to cope should not wait.","u":"/symptoms/tiredness-and-fatigue/","s":"Symptom","x":"tiredness and fatigue Feeling tired is common and often follows poor sleep, stress, overwork or an unbalanced diet. Those usually improve when the pattern changes. Tiredness that is constant, unexplained, or not helped by rest can have a medical cause such as anaemia or an underactive thyroid. See a GP if it affects daily life or comes with other symptoms. Poor sleep, stress, overwork and too little activity are the most common reasons for tiredness. Low mood and anxiety commonly drain energy and are treatable. A GP can arrange blood tests for problems such as anaemia, thyroid disease or diabetes. Tiredness with unexplained weight loss, breathlessness, or feeling very thirsty needs a prompt GP. Rest without a routine change often fails if the cause is sleep debt or mood. Sudden collapse or chest pain with exhaustion is 999, not a vitamin shop. Why am I always tired? When should I see a GP about tiredness? What helps in the meantime? Can stress make you physically tired? What tests might a GP do? Is this chronic fatigue syndrome? Could my thyroid or iron be low?"},{"t":"Tonsillitis: pharmacy, GP or 111?","d":"Most tonsillitis is viral and settles in a few days. White spots do not automatically mean antibiotics. Drooling or being unable to swallow saliva is 999.","u":"/conditions/tonsillitis/","s":"Condition","x":"tonsillitis Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, usually from a virus. Most people recover in a few days with rest, fluids and pharmacy pain relief. Antibiotics are only for selected bacterial cases. A pharmacist can advise on a sore throat. Use 111 or 999 if you cannot swallow saliva, are drooling, or cannot breathe. Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils at the back of the throat. Most cases are viral and improve within a few days to a week. White patches do not automatically mean you need antibiotics. A pharmacist can help with many sore throats; eligibility applies for Pharmacy First. Difficulty breathing, drooling, or being unable to swallow saliva is urgent. What causes tonsillitis? Is tonsillitis contagious? Do I need antibiotics for tonsillitis? Can a pharmacist help with tonsillitis? When are tonsils removed? Is tonsillitis in a child more serious?"},{"t":"Toothache","d":"Toothache self-care, finding urgent NHS dental treatment, and red flags such as facial swelling or difficulty breathing.","u":"/symptoms/toothache/","s":"Symptom","x":"toothache Toothache lasting more than 2 days, not controlled by pain relief, or accompanied by fever, pain on biting, red gums or a bad taste needs a dentist. Facial or neck swelling, difficulty breathing or swallowing, or swelling around the eye is an emergency. Toothache is treated by a dentist, not a GP. Paracetamol or ibuprofen may help if suitable; follow the packet. Do not place aspirin directly on the tooth or gum. Can a GP prescribe for toothache? What can I do while waiting for a dentist? Do antibiotics cure toothache?"},{"t":"Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)","d":"Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) — warning stroke symptoms, FAST recognition, urgent assessment, and NHS prevention including antiplatelets and lifestyle changes.","u":"/conditions/transient-ischaemic-attack/","s":"Condition","x":"transient ischaemic attack A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is a temporary disruption of blood supply to the brain — often called a mini-stroke. Symptoms are the same as stroke but usually resolve within minutes to 24 hours. A TIA is a medical emergency because roughly 1 in 3 people who have a TIA will go on to have a full stroke, often within days. Call 999 if you suspect a TIA or stroke — do not wait for symptoms to pass. TIA symptoms mirror stroke — face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty — but typically resolve within 24 hours. About 1 in 3 people who have a TIA will have a stroke afterwards — often within the first few days. High blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, smoking, and high cholesterol are major risk factors. Urgent specialist assessment within 24 hours is recommended — NICE guidance. Treatment focuses on preventing stroke — antiplatelets, blood pressure control, statins, and addressing atrial fibrillation. What is the difference between a TIA and a stroke? What are the symptoms of a TIA? Why is a TIA an emergency if symptoms go away? How is a TIA diagnosed? What treatment prevents stroke after a TIA? Can lifestyle changes reduce TIA risk? Will I need to stop driving after a TIA?"},{"t":"Treatments and medicines","d":"Medicines, vaccines, therapies and procedures explained plainly.","u":"/treatments/","s":"Browse","x":"treatments medicines drugs vaccines therapy browse"},{"t":"Tremor","d":"Tremor is rhythmic, involuntary shaking, most often essential tremor or worsened by caffeine and anxiety; tremor at rest with slowness needs GP review.","u":"/symptoms/tremor/","s":"Symptom","x":"tremor A tremor is a rhythmic, involuntary shaking movement, most often affecting the hands. Tremor that appears when you use your hands is often essential tremor, or it is worsened by caffeine and anxiety. A tremor that occurs at rest, especially with slowness or stiffness, needs assessment for Parkinson's disease. Essential tremor often runs in families and appears when using the hands. Caffeine and anxiety can make any tremor noticeably worse. Parkinson's disease typically causes a tremor that occurs at rest. An overactive thyroid (thyrotoxicosis) can cause a fine tremor. Some medicines can cause shaking as a side effect. What is essential tremor? Can anxiety cause a tremor? What does a Parkinson's disease tremor look like? Will giving up coffee stop my tremor?"},{"t":"Tuberculosis","d":"Tuberculosis (TB) — symptoms, latent vs active infection, testing, NHS treatment, and when to seek urgent help.","u":"/conditions/tuberculosis/","s":"Condition","x":"tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection usually affecting the lungs — causing persistent cough, weight loss, night sweats, and fever. It spreads through close prolonged contact via cough droplets. Latent TB has no symptoms but can reactivate — treated to prevent active disease. Active TB needs months of antibiotics — usually 6 months combination therapy on the NHS. See a GP if you have cough over 3 weeks with weight loss or night sweats, or if you were born in or travelled to high-TB countries. TB is curable with prolonged antibiotic courses — stopping early causes drug resistance. Latent TB — infection without symptoms — treated in UK for those at high reactivation risk. Classic symptoms — cough over 3 weeks, haemoptysis, night sweats, weight loss, fever. BCG vaccine offered to some babies in high-risk areas — not routine UK-wide. Multidrug-resistant TB exists — requires specialist treatment and isolation. What are the symptoms of tuberculosis? How do you catch tuberculosis? What is the difference between latent and active TB? How is tuberculosis treated? Is there a vaccine for TB? Can TB come back after treatment?"},{"t":"Tummy pain","d":"Most tummy pain is caused by minor problems like trapped wind, indigestion or constipation and settles quickly. Severe or sudden pain needs urgent help.","u":"/symptoms/tummy-pain/","s":"Symptom","x":"tummy pain Most tummy pain is caused by something minor, such as trapped wind, indigestion, constipation or a stomach bug, and settles within a short time. Self-care often helps. Severe, sudden or persistent tummy pain — especially with other warning signs — should be assessed urgently. Trapped wind and indigestion are very common causes of brief tummy pain. Constipation causes cramping pain that often eases after going to the toilet. A stomach bug (gastroenteritis) causes tummy pain with diarrhoea or being sick. Period pain and IBS cause recurring, cramping pain in the lower tummy. What causes most tummy pain? How can I relieve tummy pain at home? When is tummy pain an emergency? What if my tummy pain keeps coming back?"},{"t":"Type 1 diabetes","d":"Type 1 diabetes — autoimmune cause, symptoms, insulin treatment, blood glucose monitoring, and managing hypos and DKA.","u":"/conditions/type-1-diabetes/","s":"Condition","x":"type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas stops making insulin — usually diagnosed in children and young adults but can occur at any age. Symptoms include extreme thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and tiredness — untreated progression leads to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a medical emergency. Lifelong insulin is essential. See a GP urgently if you have these symptoms — same-day blood sugar test. Type 1 diabetes affects about 400,000 people in the UK — roughly 10% of all diabetes cases. Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells — not caused by lifestyle or sugar intake. Requires lifelong insulin — injections or pump — no cure currently though research continues. DKA — high blood sugar with ketones, vomiting, rapid breathing — phone 999 if suspected. Technology — glucose sensors and insulin pumps — increasingly available on NHS for eligible patients. What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? What causes type 1 diabetes? What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes? What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? Can type 1 diabetes be cured? What is a hypo in type 1 diabetes?"},{"t":"Type 2 diabetes","d":"Type 2 diabetes can be managed — and sometimes put into remission. Spot the symptoms, treatment options, and when to see a GP. Reviewed by UK doctors.","u":"/conditions/type-2-diabetes/","s":"Condition","x":"type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes is a common condition where the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood becomes too high. It develops when the body does not make enough insulin or cannot use it properly. It can often be managed with changes to diet and activity, and medication where needed. Type 2 diabetes means blood sugar levels are too high. Early symptoms can be mild or easy to miss, such as tiredness and thirst. Risk rises with age, weight, family history and inactivity. It is managed with lifestyle changes, regular check-ups and, often, medication. What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? What are the early signs of type 2 diabetes? Can type 2 diabetes be reversed? What should I eat with type 2 diabetes? Will I need insulin? How often do I need check-ups? What is a hypo? I have been told I have prediabetes — what now?"},{"t":"Ulcerative colitis","d":"Ulcerative colitis — symptoms of bloody diarrhoea, flare-ups, colonoscopy diagnosis, NHS treatments, and when to seek urgent help for severe colitis.","u":"/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/","s":"Condition","x":"ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitis is inflammatory bowel disease causing inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum. Main symptoms are bloody diarrhoea, urgency, and abdominal cramps. Flares need prompt treatment — severe colitis is a medical emergency. Long-term medicines maintain remission; some people need surgery to remove the colon. Lifelong colon cancer surveillance is recommended. Ulcerative colitis affects the colon and rectum only — continuous inflammation from rectum upward. Bloody diarrhoea with urgency is the hallmark symptom. Acute severe ulcerative colitis can be life-threatening — needs hospital admission. Mesalazine is first-line maintenance; biologics for moderate-to-severe disease. Colon cancer risk increases after 8 to 10 years of extensive disease — regular colonoscopy surveillance. What are the first signs of ulcerative colitis? Is ulcerative colitis the same as Crohn's disease? Can ulcerative colitis be cured? What triggers ulcerative colitis flares? How often do I need colonoscopy with ulcerative colitis?"},{"t":"Ultrasound scan","d":"An ultrasound scan uses sound waves, with no radiation, to create images of the body and is commonly used in pregnancy and abdominal checks.","u":"/tests/ultrasound-scan/","s":"Test","x":"ultrasound scan An ultrasound scan uses sound waves to create images of inside the body without using any radiation. It is used in pregnancy and to check for gallstones, DVT, organ problems, and to guide some procedures. Gel is applied to the skin and a probe is moved over the area, and the scan is usually painless. An ultrasound scan is considered safe to use during pregnancy. Ultrasound does not use radiation, unlike X-ray or CT scans. Some abdominal ultrasound scans require fasting beforehand for clearer images. Early pregnancy scans often require a full bladder. Doppler ultrasound is used to assess blood flow. Does an ultrasound scan hurt? Do you need to fast before an abdominal ultrasound scan? What is an internal ultrasound scan? When do you get the results of an ultrasound scan?"},{"t":"Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)","d":"A plain-English guide to an underactive thyroid — symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.","u":"/conditions/underactive-thyroid/","s":"Condition","x":"underactive thyroid An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) is when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. This can cause tiredness, weight gain, feeling cold and low mood. It is diagnosed with a blood test and is usually treated effectively with a daily hormone replacement tablet. An underactive thyroid means too little thyroid hormone is produced. Common symptoms include tiredness, weight gain and feeling cold. It is diagnosed with a simple blood test. It is usually treated successfully with a daily replacement tablet. What are the symptoms of an underactive thyroid? What causes an underactive thyroid? How is an underactive thyroid treated? Do I need treatment for life?"},{"t":"Understanding blood test results","d":"What reference ranges and flagged results mean, why one abnormal result may not diagnose illness, and who to contact for interpretation.","u":"/tests/understanding-blood-test-results/","s":"Test","x":"understanding blood test results A blood-test reference range describes values seen in most people in a comparison population; it is not a sharp line between healthy and ill. Results must be interpreted with symptoms, history, medicines and previous tests. A mildly flagged result can be harmless, while a result inside range may still need context. Laboratory ranges can differ by method, age, sex and pregnancy. Trends across time are often more useful than one isolated number. The clinician who ordered the test is responsible for acting on results. Why is my result marked abnormal when I feel well? Can dehydration change blood results? Who should explain my results?"},{"t":"Unexplained weight gain","d":"Unexplained weight gain usually reflects calorie balance, but thyroid problems, medicines and fluid retention matter too; rapid gain with swelling needs a GP.","u":"/symptoms/weight-gain/","s":"Symptom","x":"weight gain Unexplained weight gain is putting on weight without a clear change in diet or activity. Most weight gain reflects the balance of calories eaten and used, but an underactive thyroid, some medicines and fluid retention can also be responsible. See a GP if rapid weight gain comes with swelling, tiredness or breathlessness. The balance of calories eaten and used is the main driver of weight gain. An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can cause weight gain alongside tiredness. Steroids and some antidepressants can cause weight gain as a side effect. Heart failure can cause weight gain through fluid retention rather than fat. NHS weight management programmes and apps are available for eligible adults. Can an underactive thyroid cause weight gain? Can my medicine be causing weight gain? How can I tell if weight gain is fluid rather than fat? What help does the NHS offer with weight?"},{"t":"Unexplained weight loss","d":"Unexplained weight loss means losing 5% or more of body weight without trying, and it always needs prompt GP assessment to rule out serious causes.","u":"/symptoms/unexplained-weight-loss/","s":"Symptom","x":"unexplained weight loss Unexplained weight loss means losing significant weight without dieting or increasing exercise — generally 5% or more of body weight over 6 to 12 months. It always needs GP assessment because it can be the first sign of cancer, diabetes, thyroid problems or other serious conditions. See a GP promptly — do not wait for other symptoms to appear. Unintentional weight loss is a red flag symptom that needs checking at any age. Cancer, diabetes, an overactive thyroid and depression are among the possible causes. Losing 5% or more of body weight over 6 to 12 months without trying needs assessment. It can be the only early sign of illness, so it should not be dismissed as stress alone. A GP arranges blood tests and an examination, and most causes are treatable when found early. How much weight loss is considered concerning? What causes unexplained weight loss? Can stress cause unexplained weight loss? What tests will a GP do for unexplained weight loss? Is unexplained weight loss always a sign of cancer?"},{"t":"Urinary incontinence","d":"Types and causes of bladder leakage, pelvic-floor and bladder training, medicines, and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/urinary-incontinence/","s":"Condition","x":"urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence means leaking urine unintentionally. Stress incontinence happens with coughing or exercise; urge incontinence involves a sudden hard-to-control need to pee. It is common but not something you must simply accept—pelvic-floor training, bladder training and other treatments can help. Keeping a 3-day bladder diary can help identify the pattern. Pelvic-floor training usually needs consistent practice for at least 3 months. Treatment depends on the type and underlying cause. Is urinary incontinence a normal part of ageing? Do pelvic-floor exercises work? Should I drink less water?"},{"t":"Urine test (urinalysis)","d":"A urine test, or urinalysis, checks a urine sample for infection, blood, protein and glucose using a dipstick test or laboratory culture method.","u":"/tests/urine-test/","s":"Test","x":"urine test A urine test, also called urinalysis, checks a urine sample for infection, blood, protein, glucose and other markers using a dipstick at the GP surgery or a laboratory culture. A mid-stream clean-catch sample gives the most accurate result. It helps diagnose UTIs, kidney disease and diabetes. A dipstick urine test gives quick results during an appointment. A mid-stream urine sample is sent for culture if infection is suspected. Protein in the urine may indicate an underlying kidney problem. Blood found in the urine always needs further investigation. Pregnancy tests work by detecting hCG hormone in urine. How do you collect a urine sample for testing? Is trace protein in urine normal? What does glucose in urine mean? How long do urine culture results take?"},{"t":"UTI: symptoms, pharmacy and NHS help","d":"Burning when you pee, frequency or cloudy urine may be a UTI. In England, eligible women can use Pharmacy First. Men, pregnancy, children and kidney-infection signs need a GP or urgent care.","u":"/conditions/urinary-tract-infection/","s":"Condition","x":"urinary tract infection A UTI is an infection in the bladder, urethra or kidneys. Burning when peeing, needing to pee often, and cloudy urine are typical of a bladder infection. In England, Pharmacy First can assess uncomplicated UTI in eligible women. Men, pregnant people, children, and anyone with recurrent infections need a GP. Fever, loin pain or confusion can mean a kidney infection and need urgent care. Most UTIs are bladder infections; burning when peeing and frequency are typical. In England, Pharmacy First can assess uncomplicated UTI in eligible women aged 16 to 64. Men, pregnant people, children, catheter users and recurrent infections need a GP. Fever, loin pain, shivering or confusion can mean a kidney infection and need urgent care. Call 999 if you are confused, drowsy or struggling to speak. What are the symptoms of a UTI? Can a pharmacist treat a UTI in England? Do UTIs always need antibiotics? When is a UTI a kidney infection? Why do men and pregnant people need a GP? How can I make another UTI less likely? Is dark or smelly urine always a UTI?"},{"t":"Vaginal bleeding","d":"Vaginal bleeding between periods, after sex or after the menopause needs GP review; common causes like fibroids and polyps are usually treatable.","u":"/symptoms/vaginal-bleeding/","s":"Symptom","x":"vaginal bleeding Abnormal vaginal bleeding is bleeding between periods, after sex or after the menopause, or periods that are unusually heavy. Common causes include hormonal contraception, fibroids, polyps and infection, and most are treatable. Any bleeding after the menopause needs GP assessment, and heavy bleeding with dizziness or bleeding in pregnancy needs urgent care. Bleeding after the menopause is always abnormal and needs to be checked by a GP. Fibroids and polyps are among the most common causes of abnormal vaginal bleeding. Heavy periods are treatable, so it is worth seeing a GP about them. Any vaginal bleeding during pregnancy needs same-day medical assessment. Breakthrough bleeding is common in the first months of hormonal contraception. Is it normal to bleed between periods? What does bleeding after the menopause mean? When are heavy periods an emergency? Why am I bleeding after sex?"},{"t":"Vaginal discharge: normal or a problem?","d":"Some vaginal discharge is normal. A change in colour, smell or itch can mean thrush, bacterial vaginosis or an STI. Pelvic pain with fever is urgent.","u":"/symptoms/vaginal-discharge/","s":"Symptom","x":"vaginal discharge Vaginal discharge is fluid from the vagina and cervix. Clear or white discharge without a strong smell is often normal. A new colour, fishy smell, itch, or extra volume can mean thrush, bacterial vaginosis or an STI. See a GP or sexual health clinic if you are unsure. Pelvic pain with fever needs same-day care. Clear or white discharge without a strong smell is often normal and changes with the cycle. Thick white discharge with itch and little smell is typical of thrush. Thin grey discharge with a fishy smell is typical of bacterial vaginosis. Yellow, green or frothy discharge with pain may need STI testing. Pelvic pain with fever and discharge needs same-day care for possible PID. Douching and scented products can make irritation worse. What does normal vaginal discharge look like? How do I tell thrush from bacterial vaginosis? Can discharge be a sign of an STI? Does discharge increase in pregnancy? Should I wash inside the vagina? When is discharge an emergency? What happens at a clinic appointment?"},{"t":"Vaginal dryness","d":"Vaginal dryness causes, lubricants and moisturisers, local oestrogen, and symptoms such as bleeding or discharge that need checking.","u":"/symptoms/vaginal-dryness/","s":"Symptom","x":"vaginal dryness Vaginal dryness is common around menopause, during breastfeeding and with some medicines. Water-based lubricant for sex and a vaginal moisturiser can help. Persistent symptoms, unusual discharge, bleeding after sex or after menopause, or recurrent urinary symptoms should be discussed with a GP. Use products made for vaginal use; perfumed washes and douches can irritate. Local vaginal oestrogen is effective for many menopause-related symptoms. Dryness can coexist with urinary urgency or recurrent UTIs. What is the difference between lubricant and moisturiser? Is vaginal oestrogen the same as full HRT? Can breastfeeding cause dryness?"},{"t":"Verrucas","d":"What verrucas are, how to treat warts on the feet at home, and when to see a GP or podiatrist.","u":"/conditions/verrucas/","s":"Condition","x":"verrucas A verruca is a wart on the foot caused by a virus (HPV). It appears as a rough, flat spot, sometimes with black dots, and may be painful when you walk. Most verrucas clear without treatment within 2 years. Pharmacy treatments include salicylic acid gels and cryotherapy — see a GP if painful, spreading, or not improving after months. Verrucas are warts on the soles of the feet — caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Spread in warm, damp places — swimming pools and communal showers. Most clear on their own within 2 years, especially in children. Salicylic acid from a pharmacy is the main home treatment. Not usually serious — treatment is for pain or cosmetic reasons. What does a verruca look like? How do you treat verrucas at home? Do verrucas need treatment? Are verrucas contagious? What is the difference between a verruca and a corn?"},{"t":"Vertigo","d":"A plain-English guide to vertigo — what causes the spinning sensation, what helps, and when to see a GP.","u":"/conditions/vertigo/","s":"Condition","x":"vertigo Vertigo is the sensation that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving when they are not. It is usually caused by a problem in the inner ear and is more unpleasant than dangerous. It often settles on its own, and treatment is available for the common causes. Vertigo is a false sensation of spinning or movement. It is most often caused by an inner-ear problem. It is usually more unpleasant than dangerous and often settles. Treatments are available for the common causes. What causes vertigo? How long does vertigo last? How is vertigo treated? When is vertigo a sign of something serious?"},{"t":"Vitamin B12 deficiency","d":"A plain-English guide to vitamin B12 deficiency — symptoms, causes and treatment.","u":"/conditions/vitamin-b12-deficiency/","s":"Condition","x":"vitamin b12 deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency means the body lacks a vitamin essential for healthy blood and nerves. It can cause tiredness, pins and needles, a sore tongue, low mood and memory problems. It is diagnosed with a blood test and treated effectively with B12 tablets or injections — and it matters to treat it early. B12 is essential for healthy red blood cells and nerves. Deficiency causes tiredness, pins and needles, and other varied symptoms. It is diagnosed with a simple blood test. Treatment with tablets or injections is effective — earlier is better. What are the symptoms of B12 deficiency? What causes B12 deficiency? How is it treated? Why does early treatment matter?"},{"t":"Vitamin D deficiency","d":"A plain-English guide to vitamin D deficiency — symptoms, who is at risk, testing and treatment in the UK.","u":"/conditions/vitamin-d-deficiency/","s":"Condition","x":"vitamin d deficiency Vitamin D deficiency means low levels of the vitamin that helps bones, muscles and immune function. In the UK, many people are low — especially in winter — because sunlight is the main source. Symptoms include tiredness, bone pain and muscle weakness. Supplements are recommended for most UK adults in autumn and winter. Vitamin D is made in the skin from sunlight — hard to get enough from food alone in the UK. NHS advises all adults consider 10 micrograms (400 IU) daily in autumn and winter. Deficiency can cause bone pain, muscle weakness and tiredness. Severe long-term deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. People with dark skin, who cover their skin, or who stay indoors are at higher risk. What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency? Who should take vitamin D supplements in the UK? Can I get enough vitamin D from food? How is vitamin D deficiency treated? Can you take too much vitamin D?"},{"t":"Vitiligo","d":"Vitiligo — causes of white skin patches, who it affects, NHS treatments including topical steroids and phototherapy, and living with the condition.","u":"/conditions/vitiligo/","s":"Condition","x":"vitiligo Vitiligo is a long-term condition where pale white patches develop on the skin because pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) are destroyed. It can affect any part of the body including hair, and is not contagious or life-threatening. It affects roughly 1 in 100 people in the UK. Treatment can restore some colour in some patches — topical steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and phototherapy are main NHS options. Sun protection is important as affected skin burns easily. Vitiligo causes pale white patches when melanocytes stop producing pigment — not contagious or harmful. Affects about 1 in 100 people — can start at any age but often before 30. Autoimmune condition — more common with other autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease and type 1 diabetes. Face, hands, body folds, and areas around body openings are commonly affected. Sun protection essential — depigmented skin has no natural UV protection and burns easily. What causes vitiligo? Is vitiligo contagious? Can vitiligo be treated? Will vitiligo spread? Do I need sun protection with vitiligo? Is vitiligo linked to other health conditions? How does vitiligo affect mental health?"},{"t":"Vomiting","d":"Common causes of vomiting, what to drink and eat, how long it usually lasts, and red flags such as blood or green vomit.","u":"/symptoms/vomiting/","s":"Symptom","x":"vomiting Vomiting is commonly caused by a stomach bug and often settles within 1 to 2 days. Take frequent small sips of fluid and eat when able. Get urgent help if you cannot keep fluid down, have signs of dehydration, severe pain, blood or coffee-ground vomit, green vomit, confusion or breathing difficulty. Small frequent sips are often easier to keep down than large drinks. Oral rehydration solution can replace water and salts. Stay off work or school until 48 hours after the last vomiting or diarrhoea episode when infection is likely. What should I drink after vomiting? When can I eat again? How long should vomiting last?"},{"t":"Vomiting blood","d":"Why red or coffee-ground vomit is an emergency, possible causes, and what to do while waiting for medical help.","u":"/symptoms/vomiting-blood/","s":"Symptom","x":"vomiting blood Vomiting blood is a medical emergency. Blood may be bright red, dark brown or look like coffee grounds. Call 999 or go to A&E, particularly if you feel faint, confused, clammy, breathless, have tummy pain or black stools. Do not drive yourself. Coffee-ground vomit can represent partly digested blood. Black, tar-like stools can occur with upper digestive bleeding. Causes include ulcers, stomach inflammation, liver-related veins or tears after retching. Does coffee-ground vomit count as blood? Can forceful vomiting cause bleeding? What should I bring to hospital?"},{"t":"Waiting for NHS care: What to do","d":"What to do while you wait for an NHS appointment, test or treatment in the UK — when to chase, when to go back to your GP, and when to use 111 or 999.","u":"/guides/waiting-for-nhs-care/","s":"Guide","x":"waiting for nhs care NHS waits vary by specialty, area and urgency. Use the date and contact details on your letter or NHS App as the source for your wait. Go back to your GP or use NHS 111 if you worsen, and call 999 for a life-threatening emergency — a place on a waiting list does not replace urgent care. A waiting-list place is not a diagnosis or a safety net if you get worse. Your appointment letter, hospital team or the NHS App is the source for your date — not a national average. Ask who to contact if symptoms change, and keep a short record of what has happened since referral. You can usually ask your GP to review urgency if your condition has deteriorated. Does a long wait mean my problem is not serious? Can I go private while staying on the NHS list? What if I miss the appointment letter? Should I keep taking my usual medicines while I wait? Can I ask to be seen sooner? Where do official waiting-time figures come from?"},{"t":"Watering eyes and blocked tear ducts","d":"Why eyes water, blocked tear ducts in babies and adults, and the treatments that help, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.","u":"/conditions/watering-eyes/","s":"Condition","x":"watering eyes Watering eyes happen when you make too many tears or your tears cannot drain away properly, often because the tear duct is blocked or narrowed. It is common in babies and in older adults. Many cases settle on their own or with simple measures, but a persistently blocked tear duct can be treated with a procedure or oculoplastic surgery to restore normal drainage. Watering eyes are caused by too many tears or poor tear drainage. Blocked tear ducts are common in babies and often clear by age 1. In adults, a narrowed tear duct can cause a constantly watering eye. A persistent blockage can be treated with a procedure or surgery. Why does my eye keep watering? Do babies' blocked tear ducts need treatment? How is a blocked tear duct treated in adults? Is a watering eye serious?"},{"t":"Wegovy: NHS criteria and side effects","d":"Wegovy (semaglutide) is a weekly weight-loss injection available through NHS specialist services. Who qualifies, how it differs from Ozempic, and what to expect.","u":"/treatments/wegovy-semaglutide/","s":"Treatment","x":"wegovy semaglutide Wegovy (semaglutide) is a once-weekly weight-loss injection available on the NHS for people with a BMI of 35 or more — 32.5 for some ethnic backgrounds — plus at least one weight-related condition, prescribed through specialist weight-management services for up to two years. It is not the same as Ozempic, which is licensed in the UK for type 2 diabetes, not weight loss. Wegovy is a once-weekly semaglutide injection licensed for weight management in the UK. NICE criteria — BMI 35+ (32.5+ for some ethnic backgrounds) plus at least one weight-related condition, via specialist weight-management services. NHS treatment for weight loss is normally limited to two years; use after a heart attack or stroke to cut further risk has no time limit. Average weight loss in trials was around 14–15% of body weight, alongside diet and activity support. Ozempic contains the same drug but is licensed only for type 2 diabetes in the UK — it is not an NHS weight-loss treatment. What is the difference between Ozempic, Wegovy and Mounjaro? Do you have to stay on weight-loss injections forever? How do I get referred for Wegovy? What are the side effects of Wegovy?"},{"t":"Weight loss and obesity","d":"Safe weight loss starts with small changes — and the NHS can help. What works, from diet to injections, and when to see a GP. Reviewed by UK doctors.","u":"/conditions/weight-loss-and-obesity/","s":"Condition","x":"weight loss and obesity Safe weight loss is usually 0.5 to 1 kg (1 to 2 lb) per week through eating fewer calories than you burn, combined with more activity. NHS support includes GPs, weight management programmes, and — for some people with obesity — prescribed medicines or surgery. Quick-fix diets rarely work long term; sustainable habits matter most. BMI of 30 or above is classified as obese; 25 to 29.9 is overweight (lower thresholds apply for some ethnic groups). A daily deficit of about 500 to 600 calories typically leads to 0.5 to 1 kg loss per week. NHS weight management tiers range from lifestyle advice to specialist services and surgery. Obesity increases risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some cancers. Unintentional weight loss is different — see our unexplained weight loss guide. How much weight should I lose per week? What is BMI and what is a healthy range? Do weight loss shakes and very low calorie diets work? Are Wegovy and Mounjaro available on the NHS for weight loss? Why do I regain weight after dieting? Does exercise alone cause weight loss? Can lack of sleep cause weight gain? Is obesity genetic? How do I ask my GP about weight-loss injections?"},{"t":"Weight loss medicines","d":"NHS-prescribed weight loss medicines explained — orlistat, semaglutide (Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro): who qualifies, how they work, and side effects.","u":"/treatments/weight-loss-medicines/","s":"Treatment","x":"weight loss medicines NHS weight loss medicines include orlistat (blocks fat absorption), semaglutide/Wegovy and tirzepatide/Mounjaro (reduce appetite via weekly injections). They are for adults with obesity who meet strict criteria — usually within specialist weight management services — not for cosmetic weight loss. All work alongside diet and exercise, not instead of them. Weight loss medicines require BMI 30+ or 27.5+ with weight-related conditions for NHS prescribing. Semaglutide (Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro) are weekly injections — not the same as diabetes-only brands without specialist oversight. Orlistat is the only weight loss pill routinely available — blocks about one third of dietary fat absorption. Typical results — 5 to 15% body weight loss over months when combined with lifestyle changes. Stopping medicines often leads to weight regain unless habits change. What is the difference between Ozempic, Wegovy and Mounjaro? How much weight can I lose on Wegovy or Mounjaro? What are the side effects of GLP-1 weight loss injections? Is orlistat available on the NHS? Can I buy Wegovy privately in the UK? Who should not take weight loss medicines? Do weight loss injections affect fertility? How do I know if I qualify for NHS weight loss medication? What lifestyle changes work alongside weight loss medicines?"},{"t":"Weight-loss injections: NHS options","d":"Mounjaro, Wegovy and Saxenda compared — NHS eligibility criteria, average weight loss, GP versus specialist routes, and availability in each UK nation.","u":"/treatments/weight-loss-injections/","s":"Treatment","x":"weight loss injections Three weight-loss injections are available on the NHS — Mounjaro (tirzepatide), Wegovy (semaglutide) and Saxenda (liraglutide). Mounjaro can be prescribed by GPs in England for people with a BMI of 40 or more plus at least four weight-related conditions; Wegovy and Saxenda are prescribed through specialist weight-management services with different criteria. All work best alongside diet and activity support. Mounjaro (tirzepatide) — weekly injection, around 20% average weight loss, GP-prescribable in England since June 2025. Wegovy (semaglutide) — weekly injection, around 14–15% average weight loss, specialist services only, normally two years maximum. Saxenda (liraglutide) — daily injection, around 5–10% average weight loss, specialist services, largely superseded by newer options. Available via specialist clinics in England, Scotland and Wales; not yet available in Northern Ireland, where a first service is planned for 2026. Weight regain is common after stopping any of them — NHS treatment always includes diet and activity support. What is the difference between Mounjaro, Wegovy and Saxenda? Is it safe to buy weight-loss jabs online? Can I get weight-loss injections in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland? Who should not use weight-loss injections?"},{"t":"Wheezing","d":"Wheezing is a whistling sound caused by narrowed airways, usually from asthma, chest infections or allergies. Severe or sudden wheezing needs urgent treatment.","u":"/symptoms/wheezing/","s":"Symptom","x":"wheezing Wheezing is a whistling sound when breathing, usually caused by narrowed airways in asthma, chest infections or allergies. Mild wheeze with a cold may settle as you recover, but sudden severe wheezing or difficulty breathing needs urgent treatment. Call 999 if you have blue lips or cannot speak in full sentences. Asthma is the most common cause of recurrent wheezing. Chest infections and COPD can cause wheeze in adults. Allergies and anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction) may cause sudden wheezing. Children with wheeze need careful assessment because causes differ by age. Blue lips, being unable to speak in full sentences, or exhausting breathing are emergencies. What does wheezing mean? Can a cold cause wheezing? Should I use someone else's inhaler for wheezing? When does wheezing need an asthma review?"},{"t":"When to get help","d":"A UK decision helper for 999, NHS 111, GP, pharmacist or self-care.","u":"/health-tools/when-to-get-help/","s":"Tool","x":"999 111 A&E GP pharmacist pharmacy first urgent emergency when to get help"},{"t":"Whooping cough: GP, 111 or 999?","d":"Whooping cough causes coughing bouts that can last weeks. Babies can be very unwell. Use 111 or a GP. Call 999 if they turn blue or cannot breathe.","u":"/conditions/whooping-cough/","s":"Condition","x":"whooping cough Whooping cough causes coughing bouts that can last weeks. Some people whoop; many babies and adults do not. Use 111 or a GP — especially for babies, pregnancy, or a cough that is getting worse. Vaccination in pregnancy and childhood protects infants. Call 999 if lips turn blue or grey, breathing is shallow, or a child has a fit. Whooping cough often starts like a cold, then coughing bouts that are worse at night. Babies may not whoop — they can pause breathing or turn blue or grey. The cough can last several weeks or months. Vaccination in pregnancy and the childhood schedule protects babies. Stay off school or work until 48 hours after starting antibiotics, or three weeks after the cough started if not treated. What does whooping cough sound like? How long does whooping cough last? Can adults get whooping cough? How is whooping cough treated? Why do pregnant women get the whooping cough vaccine? When can they go back to school?"},{"t":"Women's health","d":"Periods, menopause, contraception, pregnancy, screening and common women's health conditions.","u":"/womens-health/","s":"Topic","x":"women womens health periods menopause contraception pill pregnancy cervical screening mammogram endometriosis PCOS"},{"t":"X-ray","d":"An X-ray uses low-dose radiation to image bones and some tissues, quickly detecting fractures, chest infections and joint disease in most cases.","u":"/tests/x-ray/","s":"Test","x":"x ray An X-ray is a quick imaging test that uses a low dose of radiation to produce pictures of bones and some internal tissues, commonly used to detect fractures, chest infections and joint disease. The procedure is fast and may involve wearing a gown and removing metal objects, and you should tell staff beforehand if you are or might be pregnant. An X-ray works best for imaging bones and the chest. The radiation dose used for an X-ray is low. Two views are commonly taken to help confirm a fracture. X-rays show soft tissue in less detail than an MRI scan. Staff provide protection for reproductive organs whenever possible. How much radiation risk is there from an X-ray? Can I have an X-ray if I am pregnant? Can an X-ray miss a fracture? What can a chest X-ray show?"},{"t":"Your first NHS Talking Therapies appointment","d":"What to ask before an NHS Talking Therapies assessment in England, how to prepare your notes and how to clarify the next step.","u":"/guides/first-nhs-talking-therapies-appointment/","s":"Guide","x":"first nhs talking therapies appointment Your first NHS Talking Therapies contact usually helps the service understand what is troubling you and discuss suitable support. Prepare a few notes about daily life, what you hope will change and any communication needs. Check the appointment format and next steps with your local service. This guide covers England; arrangements vary locally. This guide describes NHS Talking Therapies for anxiety and depression in England. An initial assessment is a conversation about your needs; it is not a promise of a particular therapy. Ask your service about communication support, the appointment format and what happens afterwards. Do I need a GP referral or a diagnosis first? Will therapy start at the first appointment? How long will I wait after my assessment?"}]