# HealthAnswers

> Plain-English health information for the UK, with recorded medical review
> bylines and separately labelled practical editorial guides. Source checks are
> not clinical reviews. HealthAnswers is an independent information service — it
> does not diagnose, treat, or replace advice from a qualified professional.

This file follows the "llms.txt" convention: a curated map of the site to help
consumers navigate to a relevant page and check its sources and review status. Every
published article is listed below with a one-line summary.

## About

- [About HealthAnswers](https://healthanswers.co.uk/about/): What the site is and who it is for.
- [How we review our content](https://healthanswers.co.uk/about/how-we-review/): Editorial and medical review process.
- [Corrections log](https://healthanswers.co.uk/corrections/): Dated public corrections.
- [Open data](https://healthanswers.co.uk/open-data/): CSV catalogue and NHS urgent-contact numbers.
- [Our doctors](https://healthanswers.co.uk/our-doctors/): Named UK doctors on the review panel.

## Topic hubs

- [Health A–Z index](https://healthanswers.co.uk/health-a-z/): All conditions, listed alphabetically.
- [Symptoms index](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/): What common symptoms can mean and when to seek help.
- [Treatments index](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/): Medicines, vaccines, therapies and procedures explained.
- [Tests index](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/): Blood tests, scans and NHS screening programmes explained.
- [Practical health guides](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/): Using NHS services, fit notes and preparing for appointments.
- [Mental health](https://healthanswers.co.uk/mental-health/): Anxiety, depression, therapy, crisis helplines.
- [Women's health](https://healthanswers.co.uk/womens-health/): Periods, menopause, contraception, screening.
- [Men's health](https://healthanswers.co.uk/mens-health/): Prostate, testicular lumps, erectile dysfunction, heart-risk checks.
- [Children's health](https://healthanswers.co.uk/childrens-health/): Fever, rashes, common infections and when to call 111 or 999.
- [Sexual health](https://healthanswers.co.uk/sexual-health/): STIs, contraception, emergency contraception and free confidential NHS testing.
- [Cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/topics/cancer/): Clear, NHS-aligned guides to cancer types, symptoms and screening. Learn which signs need a GP visit — finding cancer early makes treatment more effective.
- [Heart and circulation](https://healthanswers.co.uk/topics/heart-and-circulation/): Plain-English guides to heart and circulation problems, from high blood pressure and angina to stroke — symptoms, tests and treatments that protect your heart.
- [Skin and hair](https://healthanswers.co.uk/topics/skin-and-hair/): Trusted guides to skin and hair conditions, including eczema, psoriasis, acne and hair loss — how to spot them, treat them at home and when to see a GP.
- [Digestion and gut health](https://healthanswers.co.uk/topics/digestion-and-gut/): Guides to digestive conditions from heartburn and IBS to gallstones and coeliac disease — common gut symptoms, tests and treatments, and when to see a GP.
- [Lungs and breathing](https://healthanswers.co.uk/topics/lungs-and-breathing/): Clear guides to lung and breathing conditions, including asthma, COPD and chest infections — the causes of breathlessness and cough, tests and treatments.
- [Bones, joints and muscles](https://healthanswers.co.uk/topics/bones-joints-and-muscles/): Practical guides to bone, joint and muscle problems, from back pain and arthritis to osteoporosis — easing pain at home and when to seek medical advice.
- [Health tools](https://healthanswers.co.uk/health-tools/): 999 vs 111 vs GP helper, cold/flu/COVID helper, BMI calculator, appointment checklist, questions for your GP, NHS 111 and service finders.
- [When to get help](https://healthanswers.co.uk/health-tools/when-to-get-help/): Interactive 999 / 111 / GP / pharmacy decision helper.
- [Cold, flu or COVID-19?](https://healthanswers.co.uk/health-tools/cold-flu-or-covid/): Pattern helper for winter viruses, with a 999 skip.
- [Questions for your GP](https://healthanswers.co.uk/health-tools/questions-for-your-gp/): Printable questions for a UK GP or clinic appointment.
- [BMI calculator](https://healthanswers.co.uk/health-tools/bmi/): Adult BMI with NHS category labels.
- [GP appointment checklist](https://healthanswers.co.uk/health-tools/appointment-checklist/): Tick-list for a UK GP visit.
- [Site search](https://healthanswers.co.uk/search/): Search conditions, symptoms, treatments, tests and practical guides.
- [RSS feed](https://healthanswers.co.uk/rss.xml): Recently published and reviewed articles across all content types.

## Conditions (202)

- [Acne](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/acne/): A plain-English guide to acne — causes, treatments and when to see a GP or pharmacist.
- [Acute pancreatitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/acute-pancreatitis/): Acute pancreatitis — sudden severe upper abdominal pain, causes including gallstones and alcohol, and emergency hospital treatment.
- [ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/adhd/): ADHD affects focus, impulsivity and organisation in children and adults. How UK assessment works and what helps meanwhile. Reviewed by UK doctors.
- [Age-related macular degeneration](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/macular-degeneration/): Age-related macular degeneration — wet and dry types, symptoms including distorted vision, NHS monitoring, and treatments including anti-VEGF injections.
- [Alopecia areata](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/alopecia-areata/): Alopecia areata — patchy hair loss causes, who it affects, NHS treatments including topical steroids and immunotherapy, and emotional support.
- [Angina](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/angina/): Angina — chest pain from reduced blood flow to the heart, stable vs unstable, GTN spray, and when to call 999.
- [Anxiety](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/anxiety/): Anxiety is your body's alarm system stuck on high. Learn what drives it, which treatments work, and how to get NHS help fast. Reviewed by UK doctors.
- [Appendicitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/appendicitis/): Appendicitis — appendix pain location, symptoms, when to go to A&E, and NHS surgical treatment.
- [Arthritis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/arthritis/): Arthritis is not one disease. Use this UK guide to tell osteoarthritis from inflammatory arthritis, know when a hot joint is urgent, and choose the right next step.
- [Asthma](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/asthma/): A plain-English guide to asthma — symptoms, triggers, treatment and recognising an asthma attack.
- [Athlete's foot](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/athletes-foot/): A plain-English guide to athlete's foot — symptoms, treatment and prevention.
- [Atrial fibrillation](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/atrial-fibrillation/): Atrial fibrillation (AF) — irregular heartbeat, palpitations, stroke risk, anticoagulation, and NHS rate control treatments.
- [Autism](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/autism/): Autism spectrum disorder — signs in children and adults, assessment pathway on the NHS, and support for communication and sensory needs.
- [Bipolar disorder](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/bipolar-disorder/): Bipolar disorder — manic and depressive episodes, types, NHS treatment with mood stabilisers, and when to seek urgent help.
- [Bladder cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/bladder-cancer/): Bladder cancer — blood in urine, diagnosis, staging, and NHS treatment including TURBT, BCG, and cystectomy.
- [Borderline personality disorder (BPD)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/): A plain-English guide to borderline personality disorder (BPD) — symptoms, causes, and the talking therapies that help, on the NHS.
- [Bowel cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/): Bowel cancer is very treatable caught early. Know the symptoms, use the free NHS home test kit, and see a GP about any bleeding. Reviewed by UK doctors.
- [Brain tumour](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/brain-tumour/): Brain tumours — primary and secondary cancers, red flag symptoms, diagnosis with MRI, and NHS treatment including surgery and radiotherapy.
- [Breast cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/breast-cancer/): Breast changes to discuss with a GP, how NHS screening differs from checking symptoms, and what to expect from breast-clinic tests and treatment discussions.
- [Bronchiectasis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/bronchiectasis/): Bronchiectasis symptoms, airway-clearance treatment, flare-ups, antibiotics and when coughing blood or breathlessness is urgent.
- [Bronchiolitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/bronchiolitis/): Bronchiolitis is a viral chest infection in babies and children under 2, often RSV. Most recover at home. Call 999 if they are working hard to breathe.
- [Bronchitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/bronchitis/): Acute bronchitis is a chesty cough after a cold — why antibiotics are rarely needed, what helps recovery, and when to see a GP.
- [Burns and scalds](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/burns-and-scalds/): Burn first aid, including 20 minutes of cool running water, what not to apply, and which burns need 999 or hospital treatment.
- [Carpal tunnel syndrome](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/): A plain-English guide to carpal tunnel syndrome — numb, tingling hands — and what helps.
- [Cataracts](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/cataracts/): A plain-English guide to cataracts — what they are, the symptoms, and how cataract surgery restores clear vision, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.
- [Cellulitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/cellulitis/): A plain-English guide to cellulitis — a bacterial skin infection, symptoms, treatment with antibiotics, and when to seek urgent help.
- [Cervical cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/cervical-cancer/): Cervical cancer — HPV link, cervical screening (smear test), symptoms, prevention with HPV vaccine, and NHS treatment overview.
- [Chest infection](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/chest-infection/): A plain-English guide to chest infections — bronchitis and pneumonia symptoms, home care, and when to see a GP urgently.
- [Chickenpox](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/chickenpox/): Chickenpox is itchy spots that blister then crust. Stay off until all spots have scabbed. Pregnant, newborn or immunocompromised contacts need advice.
- [Chlamydia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/chlamydia/): Chlamydia is a common STI. Many people have no symptoms. Free NHS clinic or postal tests, a short antibiotic course, and partner treatment matter.
- [Chronic kidney disease](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/): Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — stages, causes, symptoms, slowing progression, and when dialysis or transplant is needed.
- [Cluster headache](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/cluster-headache/): Cluster headache — excruciating one-sided head pain in clusters, triggers, acute treatment with sumatriptan and oxygen, and preventive options.
- [Coeliac disease](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/coeliac-disease/): A plain-English guide to coeliac disease — symptoms, diagnosis, and living gluten-free on the NHS in the UK.
- [Cold sores](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/cold-sores/): Cold sores (herpes simplex on the lips) — triggers, treatment with aciclovir cream, when they are contagious, and difference from genital herpes.
- [Colic](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/colic/): Colic symptoms, ways to soothe a crying baby, treatments that do not help, and warning signs that crying may have another cause.
- [Common cold](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/common-cold/): The common cold is viral, so antibiotics do not help. Use this UK guide to ease symptoms, tell a cold from flu or COVID-19, and know when to call 999.
- [Conjunctivitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/conjunctivitis/): Red, watery or sticky eyes are often conjunctivitis. A pharmacist can often advise. Vision loss, severe pain, newborns and worsening contact-lens red eye need urgent help.
- [Constipation](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/constipation/): Most constipation improves with fibre, fluids and activity. A pharmacist can suggest short-term laxatives. Blood, weight loss or a lasting change in bowel habit needs a GP.
- [Contact dermatitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/contact-dermatitis/): A plain-English guide to contact dermatitis — causes, treatment and when to see a GP.
- [COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/copd/): A plain-English guide to COPD — symptoms, causes, how it is managed and when to seek help.
- [COVID-19](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/covid-19/): COVID-19 often feels like a cold or flu. Stay at home while you have a fever or feel too unwell. Severe breathing difficulty is 999. Check current NHS advice.
- [Crohn's disease](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/crohns-disease/): Crohn's disease explained — symptoms, flare-ups, diagnosis, NHS treatments including medicines and surgery, and living with inflammatory bowel disease.
- [Croup](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/croup/): Croup causes a barking cough in young children. Steam is not NHS-recommended. Call 999 if they are struggling to breathe or going blue or grey.
- [Cuts and grazes](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/cuts-and-grazes/): How to stop bleeding, clean and dress a minor cut, tetanus considerations, and when a wound needs urgent medical care.
- [Cystic fibrosis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/cystic-fibrosis/): Cystic fibrosis — inherited lung and digestive disease, newborn screening, daily treatments, and NHS specialist centre care.
- [Deep vein thrombosis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/): Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) — leg blood clot symptoms, pulmonary embolism warning signs, diagnosis, and NHS anticoagulant treatment.
- [Dementia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/dementia/): Dementia — memory loss, early signs, types including Alzheimer's, diagnosis, and NHS support for patients and carers.
- [Dental abscess](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/dental-abscess/): Dental abscess symptoms, how to get urgent dental care, temporary pain relief, and when facial swelling or breathing trouble is an emergency.
- [Depression](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/depression/): Depression is more than low mood — and treatment works. Spot the signs, what the NHS offers, and when to get urgent help. Reviewed by UK doctors.
- [Diabetic ketoacidosis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/): Diabetic ketoacidosis warning signs, ketone testing, sick-day safety and when to call 999.
- [Diverticulitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/diverticulitis/): Diverticulitis — inflamed pouches in the colon causing abdominal pain, fever, and treatment with antibiotics or surgery.
- [Dry eyes](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/dry-eyes/): A plain-English guide to dry eyes — causes, self-care and treatments that help.
- [Ear infection](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/ear-infection/): Most ear infections settle in about three days. Pharmacy First can assess some earache. Babies, discharge, or swelling around the ear need a GP, 111 or 999.
- [Earwax build-up](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/earwax-build-up/): A plain-English guide to earwax build-up — safe ways to deal with it and what to avoid.
- [Eating disorders](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/eating-disorders/): Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder — symptoms, health risks, and NHS treatment including talking therapies and specialist services.
- [Ectopic pregnancy](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/): Ectopic pregnancy symptoms, including one-sided pain and bleeding, when to call NHS 111, and the rupture signs that need 999.
- [Eczema](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/eczema/): Atopic eczema is dry, itchy skin that flares. Use this UK guide for emollients, steroid creams as directed, infection warning signs, and how it looks on darker skin.
- [Endometriosis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/endometriosis/): A plain-English guide to endometriosis — symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and getting help in the UK.
- [Enlarged prostate](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/enlarged-prostate/): Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — urinary symptoms in men, when to see a GP, and NHS treatments including medicines and surgery.
- [Epilepsy](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/epilepsy/): Epilepsy and seizures — types, triggers, diagnosis, NHS anti-seizure medicines, and when to call 999.
- [Erectile dysfunction](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/erectile-dysfunction/): Erectile dysfunction is common and usually treatable — and can flag heart health issues. What works, and when to see a GP. Reviewed by UK doctors.
- [Eye health](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/eye-health/): How to look after your eyes — regular eye tests, protecting your sight, and spotting problems early, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.
- [Fatty liver disease](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/fatty-liver-disease/): Non-alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — causes, links to obesity and diabetes, diagnosis, and preventing progression to cirrhosis.
- [Fibroids](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/uterine-fibroids/): Fibroid symptoms including heavy periods and pelvic pressure, how they are diagnosed, and treatment choices.
- [Fibromyalgia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/fibromyalgia/): Fibromyalgia — widespread pain, fatigue, and brain fog explained: diagnosis, NHS treatments, and distinguishing from other conditions.
- [Flu (influenza)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/flu/): Flu comes on fast with fever, aches and exhaustion. Learn how it differs from a cold or COVID-19, who needs the vaccine, and when to call 999.
- [Food allergy](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/food-allergy/): Food allergy — common triggers, symptoms from mild to anaphylaxis, NHS diagnosis, management including avoidance and adrenaline auto-injectors.
- [Food poisoning](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/food-poisoning/): A plain-English guide to food poisoning — symptoms, how long it lasts, home treatment, and when to seek help.
- [Frozen shoulder](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/frozen-shoulder/): A plain-English guide to frozen shoulder — symptoms, stages, treatment and recovery timeline.
- [Gallstones](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/gallstones/): Gallstones can cause severe upper-right tummy pain after fatty meals — symptoms, when they need hospital care, and NHS treatment options.
- [Gastroenteritis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/gastroenteritis/): A tummy bug causes diarrhoea and vomiting. Fluids and 48 hours off after the last episode matter most. Blood, black stool or severe dehydration is urgent.
- [Genital herpes](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/genital-herpes/): Genital herpes is a common viral STI. Painful sores can recur. Sexual health clinics diagnose and prescribe antivirals. This page is not a diagnosis.
- [Gestational diabetes](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/gestational-diabetes/): Gestational diabetes — high blood sugar in pregnancy, glucose tolerance test, monitoring, and reducing risks to mother and baby.
- [Glandular fever](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/): Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) — symptoms, how long it lasts, swollen glands, fatigue, and when to avoid contact sports.
- [Glaucoma](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/glaucoma/): How glaucoma is found, when sudden eye symptoms need emergency care, and how an eye specialist chooses treatment to protect your remaining sight.
- [Gonorrhoea](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/gonorrhoea/): Gonorrhoea is a bacterial STI. Many people have no symptoms. Free NHS clinic tests, clinic-prescribed antibiotics, and partner treatment matter.
- [Gout](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/gout/): Gout causes sudden severe joint pain from uric acid crystals — often in the big toe. Learn triggers, attack treatment, prevention and when to see a GP.
- [Grief and bereavement](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/grief-and-bereavement/): A plain-English guide to grief after losing someone — or a pet — what to expect, what helps, and where to find bereavement support in the UK.
- [Haemorrhoids (piles)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/haemorrhoids/): Haemorrhoids (piles) cause itching, pain or bright red bleeding after pooing — self-care, pharmacy treatments and when to see a GP.
- [Hair loss](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/hair-loss/): Hair loss has many causes — from pattern baldness to thyroid problems. Learn what helps, what the NHS offers, and when to see a GP. Reviewed by UK doctors.
- [Hand, foot and mouth disease](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/): Hand, foot and mouth is a mild viral illness with mouth ulcers and a rash on hands and feet. Fluids matter. They can return to school once they feel better.
- [Hay fever](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/hay-fever/): Hay fever is a pollen allergy, not a cold. Use this UK guide for tree, grass and weed seasons, pharmacy treatments, and when asthma means you need a GP.
- [Head injury and concussion](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/head-injury-and-concussion/): Concussion symptoms, home observation after a minor head injury, and the red flags that require A&E or 999.
- [Head lice](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/head-lice/): Head lice spread by head-to-head contact, not dirty hair. Wet combing or pharmacy products treat them. There is no need to stay off school once treated.
- [Heart attack](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/heart-attack/): How to recognise a heart attack — symptoms in men and women, what to do in an emergency, and reducing your risk.
- [Heart failure](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/heart-failure/): Heart failure — breathlessness, ankle swelling, causes, diagnosis with echocardiogram, and NHS treatment including ACE inhibitors and diuretics.
- [Heartburn and acid reflux](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/heartburn-and-acid-reflux/): A plain-English guide to heartburn and acid reflux — causes, treatments and when to see a GP.
- [Heat exhaustion and heatstroke](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/heat-exhaustion-and-heatstroke/): How to recognise heat exhaustion and heatstroke, first aid, and when to call 999 in hot weather.
- [Heavy periods](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/heavy-periods/): A plain-English guide to heavy menstrual bleeding — what counts as heavy, causes, and when to see a GP.
- [Hepatitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/hepatitis/): Viral hepatitis A, B, and C — transmission, symptoms, vaccination, NHS testing, and modern curative treatments for hepatitis C.
- [Hiatus hernia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/hiatus-hernia/): A plain-English guide to hiatus hernia — what it is, its link to heartburn, and how it is managed.
- [High blood pressure](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/high-blood-pressure/): High blood pressure rarely causes symptoms but raises heart attack and stroke risk. Get checked from age 40 — treatment works. Reviewed by UK doctors.
- [High cholesterol](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/high-cholesterol/): High cholesterol usually has no symptoms. Use this UK guide to blood tests, non-HDL, lifestyle steps, statins if risk is high, and when to call 999.
- [HIV](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/hiv/): HIV is tested and treated on the NHS. PEP is a 72-hour emergency. PrEP is available via sexual health services. This is not a diagnosis page.
- [Hives (urticaria)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/hives/): A plain-English guide to hives — what causes them, how to ease them, and when to seek urgent help.
- [Human papillomavirus (HPV)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/human-papillomavirus-hpv/): Human papillomavirus (HPV) — how it spreads, link to cervical and other cancers, NHS vaccination programme, and testing through cervical screening.
- [Impetigo](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/impetigo/): Impetigo is a contagious golden-crust skin infection. A pharmacist can treat many cases. Stay off until crusted or 48 hours into treatment, as NHS advises.
- [Indigestion](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/indigestion/): Indigestion (dyspepsia) causes upper tummy discomfort or burning after eating — self-care, pharmacy medicines, and warning signs for a GP.
- [Inguinal hernia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/inguinal-hernia/): Inguinal hernia — groin lump, symptoms, when surgery is needed on the NHS, and red flags for strangulated hernia emergency.
- [Insomnia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/insomnia/): Insomnia is regular trouble falling or staying asleep. Sleep habits help most people. A GP can look for causes and discuss CBT for insomnia if it lasts.
- [Iron deficiency anaemia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/): Iron deficiency anaemia causes tiredness and breathlessness from low iron — symptoms, common causes, tablets, and when a GP should investigate.
- [Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/): A plain-English guide to IBS — symptoms, common triggers, management and when to see a GP.
- [Kidney cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/kidney-cancer/): Kidney cancer — symptoms including blood in urine, diagnosis with scans and biopsy, staging, and NHS treatment including surgery and targeted therapy.
- [Kidney infection](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/kidney-infection/): Kidney infection (pyelonephritis) — symptoms, difference from cystitis, NHS antibiotics, and when to seek emergency care.
- [Kidney stones](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/kidney-stones/): Kidney stones cause sudden severe loin or groin pain — what they feel like, pain relief, when to go to A&E, and how the NHS treats them.
- [Labyrinthitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/labyrinthitis/): Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis — sudden vertigo, nausea, and balance problems: causes, recovery, and when to seek urgent help.
- [Lactose intolerance](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/lactose-intolerance/): Lactose intolerance — difficulty digesting milk sugar, symptoms after dairy, diagnosis, and managing diet without missing calcium.
- [Lazy eye (amblyopia)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/lazy-eye/): A plain-English guide to lazy eye (amblyopia) in children — how it is found at eye tests and how it is treated, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.
- [Leukaemia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/leukaemia/): Leukaemia — blood cancer types, symptoms like fatigue and bruising, diagnosis, and NHS treatments including chemotherapy and stem cell transplant.
- [Liver cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/liver-cancer/): Liver cancer — primary and secondary types, symptoms including jaundice and weight loss, diagnosis, and NHS treatment including surgery and locoregional therapy.
- [Liver cirrhosis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/liver-cirrhosis/): Liver cirrhosis — scarring from alcohol, fatty liver and hepatitis, symptoms, complications, and NHS treatment to slow progression.
- [Long COVID](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/long-covid/): Long COVID means symptoms lasting weeks after COVID-19 — fatigue, brain fog and breathlessness are common. How the NHS assesses it and when to see a GP.
- [Low blood pressure (hypotension)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/low-blood-pressure/): Low blood pressure (hypotension) — what causes it, when dizziness on standing matters, and when readings below 90/60mmHg need a GP check.
- [Low testosterone](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/low-testosterone/): Low testosterone (male hypogonadism) — symptoms, causes, blood test diagnosis, NHS treatment options, and when low T is normal with ageing.
- [Lung cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/): Lung cancer — symptoms, who should seek chest X-ray, diagnosis, staging, and NHS treatment including surgery and immunotherapy.
- [Lupus](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/lupus/): Lupus (SLE) — butterfly rash, joint pain, fatigue, diagnosis with blood tests, and NHS treatment with hydroxychloroquine and specialist care.
- [Lyme disease](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/lyme-disease/): Lyme disease — tick bites, erythema migrans rash, diagnosis, antibiotic treatment, and prevention when walking in wooded areas.
- [Lymphoma](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/lymphoma/): Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma — swollen glands, B symptoms, diagnosis, and NHS treatment including chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
- [Measles](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/measles/): Measles — symptoms, highly contagious spread, MMR vaccine, complications, and when to seek urgent medical help.
- [Melanoma skin cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/melanoma/): Melanoma — dangerous skin cancer from moles, ABCDE warning signs, diagnosis, and NHS treatment including surgery and immunotherapy.
- [Meningitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/meningitis/): How to recognise meningitis and septicaemia — symptoms in babies, children and adults, and when to call 999.
- [Menopause](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/menopause/): Menopause is when periods stop, usually between 45 and 55. Know the symptoms, how HRT helps, and when to see a GP. Reviewed by UK doctors.
- [Migraine](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/migraine/): Migraine is more than a bad headache — throbbing pain, nausea and light sensitivity, plus NHS treatments and when to seek urgent help.
- [Miscarriage](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/miscarriage/): Miscarriage — early pregnancy loss, symptoms, NHS care, emotional support, and when to seek emergency help.
- [Mouth ulcers](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/mouth-ulcers/): A plain-English guide to mouth ulcers — causes, how to ease them, and when to get one checked.
- [Multiple sclerosis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/multiple-sclerosis/): Multiple sclerosis (MS) — symptoms, relapsing and progressive types, diagnosis with MRI, and NHS disease-modifying treatments.
- [Mumps](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/mumps/): Mumps — swollen parotid glands, symptoms, MMR prevention, complications including orchitis, and when to see a GP.
- [Myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/): ME/CFS — persistent exhaustion not relieved by rest, post-exertional malaise, NHS diagnosis, pacing, and specialist management.
- [Nappy rash](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/nappy-rash/): How to recognise and treat nappy rash, which creams may help, and when a sore or spreading rash needs a health visitor or GP.
- [Non-melanoma skin cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/): Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma — warning signs, diagnosis, NHS treatment, and sun protection to reduce risk.
- [Norovirus](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/norovirus/): A plain-English guide to norovirus (the winter vomiting bug) — symptoms, how to recover, and when to seek help.
- [Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/): OCD explained — obsessions, compulsions, how it differs from perfectionism, and NHS treatments including CBT and SSRIs.
- [Osteoarthritis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/osteoarthritis/): Osteoarthritis is the most common arthritis in the UK. Learn which joints it affects, why movement usually helps, when to see a GP, and who should skip this page.
- [Osteoporosis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/osteoporosis/): Osteoporosis — fragile bones, fracture risk, DEXA scanning, prevention with calcium, vitamin D, and NHS treatments.
- [Ovarian cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/ovarian-cancer/): Ovarian cancer — symptoms often mistaken for IBS, diagnosis, CA125 blood test, and NHS treatment overview.
- [Ovarian cysts](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/ovarian-cysts/): Ovarian cyst symptoms, ultrasound follow-up, treatment, and warning signs of torsion or rupture.
- [Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid/): A plain-English guide to an overactive thyroid — symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment in the UK.
- [Pancreatic cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/pancreatic-cancer/): Pancreatic cancer — symptoms including jaundice and weight loss, diagnosis, and NHS treatment options including surgery and chemotherapy.
- [Panic attacks](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/panic-attacks/): A panic attack is a sudden surge of fear with physical symptoms. It is frightening but not dangerous in itself. The first severe episode still needs medical assessment.
- [Parkinson's disease](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/parkinsons-disease/): Parkinson's disease — tremor, slowness, stiffness, diagnosis, and NHS treatment with levodopa and specialist support.
- [Pelvic inflammatory disease](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/): Pelvic inflammatory disease is infection of the womb and tubes, often after chlamydia or gonorrhoea. Pelvic pain with fever or discharge needs same-day care.
- [Pelvic organ prolapse](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/): Symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic-floor treatment, pessaries and surgery, plus when urinary symptoms need urgent help.
- [Period pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/period-pain/): A plain-English guide to period pain — what is normal, how to ease cramps, and when painful periods need medical assessment.
- [Peripheral arterial disease](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/peripheral-arterial-disease/): Peripheral arterial disease — narrowed leg arteries, claudication leg pain on walking, diagnosis, and NHS treatment including exercise and statins.
- [Plantar fasciitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/plantar-fasciitis/): A plain-English guide to plantar fasciitis — heel pain — and the steps that genuinely help.
- [Pneumonia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/pneumonia/): A plain-English guide to pneumonia — symptoms, treatment, recovery, and when to seek urgent medical help.
- [Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/): A plain-English guide to PCOS — symptoms, diagnosis, fertility, and treatment options in the UK.
- [Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/): PTSD — flashbacks, nightmares, and hypervigilance after trauma; NHS treatments including trauma-focused CBT and EMDR.
- [Postnatal depression](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/postnatal-depression/): Postnatal depression — symptoms beyond baby blues, difference from postpartum psychosis, NHS talking therapies and safe antidepressants when breastfeeding.
- [Pre-eclampsia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/pre-eclampsia/): Pre-eclampsia warning signs in pregnancy and after birth, including severe headache, vision changes, rib pain and sudden swelling.
- [Prediabetes](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/prediabetes/): What prediabetes blood results mean, how to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, and when repeat testing is needed.
- [Premature ejaculation](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/premature-ejaculation/): Premature ejaculation (PE) — causes, lifelong vs acquired, NHS treatments including behavioural techniques, creams, and medicines, and when to see a GP.
- [Prostate cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/): Prostate cancer — symptoms, PSA testing, diagnosis, staging, and NHS treatment options explained in plain English.
- [Psoriasis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/psoriasis/): Psoriasis causes red scaly skin patches that flare and settle — common triggers, pharmacy and prescription treatments, and when to see a GP.
- [Pulmonary embolism](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/pulmonary-embolism/): Pulmonary embolism — blood clot in the lung, symptoms including breathlessness and chest pain, emergency treatment, and NHS prevention of recurrence.
- [Reflux in babies](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/reflux-in-babies/): Normal baby reflux, silent reflux, feeding measures that may help, and red flags such as green vomit, poor growth or blood.
- [Restless legs syndrome](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/): Restless legs syndrome (RLS) — urge to move legs, worse at night, causes, iron deficiency link, and NHS treatments.
- [Rheumatoid arthritis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/): Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) — joint pain and swelling, morning stiffness, diagnosis, NHS DMARD treatment, and when to see a GP urgently.
- [Ringworm](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/ringworm/): A plain-English guide to ringworm — a common fungal infection — its treatment and prevention.
- [Rosacea](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/rosacea/): Rosacea causes facial redness, flushing and sometimes spots — how to spot triggers, what treatments help, and when eye symptoms need a GP.
- [RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/rsv/): A plain-English guide to RSV — symptoms in babies and adults, home care, and when to seek medical advice.
- [Scabies](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/scabies/): A plain-English guide to scabies — symptoms, treatment, and treating the whole household.
- [Scarlet fever](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/scarlet-fever/): Scarlet fever causes sore throat, fever and a sandpaper rash. See a GP for antibiotics. Stay off school for 24 hours after the first dose.
- [Schizophrenia](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/schizophrenia/): Schizophrenia — psychosis symptoms, early warning signs, NHS treatment with antipsychotics and talking therapies, and crisis support.
- [Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/): Seasonal affective disorder — winter depression symptoms, light therapy, NHS talking therapies, and self-help for low mood during darker months.
- [Sepsis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/sepsis/): Sepsis — life-threatening body response to infection — symptoms, when to call 999, and NHS emergency treatment.
- [Shingles](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/shingles/): Shingles is a painful one-sided blister rash. Antivirals work best if started early. A rash near the eye is urgent. Pharmacy First can assess some adults.
- [Sickle cell disease](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/sickle-cell-disease/): Sickle cell disease — painful crises, anaemia, infection risk, newborn screening, and NHS specialist care for children and adults.
- [Sinusitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/sinusitis/): Most sinusitis follows a cold and settles without antibiotics. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some cases. Eye swelling or a severe headache with a stiff neck is urgent.
- [Slapped cheek syndrome](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/slapped-cheek-syndrome/): A plain-English guide to slapped cheek syndrome (fifth disease) — the rash, how it spreads, and when children need medical advice.
- [Sleep apnoea](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/sleep-apnoea/): Obstructive sleep apnoea explained — snoring, breathing pauses, daytime tiredness, diagnosis with sleep studies, CPAP treatment, and links to weight and heart health.
- [Social anxiety](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/social-anxiety/): A plain-English guide to social anxiety disorder — symptoms, what helps, and the therapies and support available on the NHS.
- [Sore throat](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/sore-throat/): Most sore throats are viral and settle in a week. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some cases. Difficulty breathing or swallowing saliva is urgent.
- [Sprains and strains](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/sprains-and-strains/): How to manage a sprain or muscle strain for the first 2 to 3 days, pain relief, and signs that may indicate a fracture.
- [Squint (strabismus)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/squint/): A plain-English guide to a squint (strabismus) in children and adults — why the eyes turn, and the treatments that help, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.
- [Stress](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/stress/): Stress is a response to pressure. Short bursts can be useful. Ongoing stress that wrecks sleep, mood or work needs a GP or talking therapies, not just a weekend off.
- [Stroke](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/stroke/): How to recognise a stroke — FAST warning signs, what to do in an emergency, and recovery after a stroke.
- [Stye](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/stye/): A plain-English guide to styes — painful lumps on the eyelid — and how to treat them at home.
- [Syphilis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/syphilis/): Syphilis — stages, symptoms, blood testing, NHS antibiotic treatment, and why cases are rising in the UK.
- [Tension headache](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/tension-headache/): A plain-English guide to tension headaches — what they feel like, common causes, and how to ease them.
- [Testicular cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/testicular-cancer/): Testicular cancer — lump in testicle, self-check, diagnosis, and highly treatable NHS treatment including surgery and chemotherapy.
- [Threadworms](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/threadworms/): Threadworms cause an itchy bottom, especially at night. A pharmacy can treat most households. There is no need to stay off school. Under-2s need a GP.
- [Thrush](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/thrush/): Vaginal or oral thrush is a yeast infection. A pharmacist can often treat uncomplicated vaginal thrush. Recurrent, pregnancy, or first-time uncertainty needs a GP.
- [Thyroid cancer](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/thyroid-cancer/): Thyroid cancer — neck lump, diagnosis, types including papillary and medullary, and NHS treatment with surgery and radioactive iodine.
- [Tinnitus](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/tinnitus/): A plain-English guide to tinnitus — what causes ringing in the ears, what helps, and when to see a GP.
- [Tonsillitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/tonsillitis/): Most tonsillitis is viral and settles in a few days. White spots do not automatically mean antibiotics. Drooling or being unable to swallow saliva is 999.
- [Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/transient-ischaemic-attack/): Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) — warning stroke symptoms, FAST recognition, urgent assessment, and NHS prevention including antiplatelets and lifestyle changes.
- [Tuberculosis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/tuberculosis/): Tuberculosis (TB) — symptoms, latent vs active infection, testing, NHS treatment, and when to seek urgent help.
- [Type 1 diabetes](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/type-1-diabetes/): Type 1 diabetes — autoimmune cause, symptoms, insulin treatment, blood glucose monitoring, and managing hypos and DKA.
- [Type 2 diabetes](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/type-2-diabetes/): Type 2 diabetes can be managed — and sometimes put into remission. Spot the symptoms, treatment options, and when to see a GP. Reviewed by UK doctors.
- [Ulcerative colitis](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/): Ulcerative colitis — symptoms of bloody diarrhoea, flare-ups, colonoscopy diagnosis, NHS treatments, and when to seek urgent help for severe colitis.
- [Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid/): A plain-English guide to an underactive thyroid — symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
- [Urinary incontinence](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/urinary-incontinence/): Types and causes of bladder leakage, pelvic-floor and bladder training, medicines, and when to see a GP.
- [Urinary tract infection (UTI)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/urinary-tract-infection/): Burning when you pee, frequency or cloudy urine may be a UTI. In England, eligible women can use Pharmacy First. Men, pregnancy, children and kidney-infection signs need a GP or urgent care.
- [Verrucas](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/verrucas/): What verrucas are, how to treat warts on the feet at home, and when to see a GP or podiatrist.
- [Vertigo](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/vertigo/): A plain-English guide to vertigo — what causes the spinning sensation, what helps, and when to see a GP.
- [Vitamin B12 deficiency](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-deficiency/): A plain-English guide to vitamin B12 deficiency — symptoms, causes and treatment.
- [Vitamin D deficiency](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/vitamin-d-deficiency/): A plain-English guide to vitamin D deficiency — symptoms, who is at risk, testing and treatment in the UK.
- [Vitiligo](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/vitiligo/): Vitiligo — causes of white skin patches, who it affects, NHS treatments including topical steroids and phototherapy, and living with the condition.
- [Watering eyes and blocked tear ducts](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/watering-eyes/): Why eyes water, blocked tear ducts in babies and adults, and the treatments that help, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.
- [Weight loss and obesity](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/weight-loss-and-obesity/): Safe weight loss starts with small changes — and the NHS can help. What works, from diet to injections, and when to see a GP. Reviewed by UK doctors.
- [Whooping cough](https://healthanswers.co.uk/conditions/whooping-cough/): Whooping cough causes coughing bouts that can last weeks. Babies can be very unwell. Use 111 or a GP. Call 999 if they turn blue or cannot breathe.

## Symptoms (86)

- [Anxiety symptoms](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/anxiety-symptoms/): Anxiety causes persistent worry alongside physical symptoms such as palpitations and breathlessness; NHS talking therapies and medicines can help.
- [Back pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/back-pain/): What causes back pain, what actually helps recovery, and the red flags that need urgent attention.
- [Bleeding after sex](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/bleeding-after-sex/): Causes of bleeding after sex or between periods, STI and cervical checks, and why postmenopausal bleeding needs assessment.
- [Bleeding in pregnancy](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/bleeding-in-pregnancy/): What spotting or bleeding during pregnancy can mean, who to contact by stage, and emergency signs such as severe pain or collapse.
- [Bloating](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/bloating/): Bloating is a swollen, tight feeling in the tummy, usually caused by swallowed air, certain foods, constipation or IBS, and often eases with diet changes.
- [Blood in poo](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/blood-in-poo/): Unexplained rectal bleeding in adults needs a GP. Piles are common but should not be assumed. Heavy bleeding, collapse or black tarry stool can be 999.
- [Blood in urine](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/blood-in-urine/): Blood in urine (haematuria) can be caused by infection, kidney stones or, rarely, bladder or kidney cancer — see a GP the same day, even if it stops.
- [Blurred vision](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/blurred-vision/): Blurred vision is often caused by needing new glasses, dry eyes, migraine or diabetes — sudden blurring with pain or vision loss needs emergency care.
- [Breast lump](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/breast-lump/): Most breast lumps are benign — cysts and fibroadenomas are common — but any new breast lump, thickening or nipple change needs GP assessment within two weeks.
- [Breast pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/breast-pain/): Common causes of breast pain, measures that may help, and breast changes that need urgent GP or NHS 111 assessment.
- [Bruising easily](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/bruising-easily/): Easy bruising is often caused by ageing skin or blood-thinning medicines; unexplained bruises, bleeding gums or prolonged bleeding need GP blood tests.
- [Chest pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/chest-pain/): What chest pain can mean, the emergency signs to act on immediately, and common non-serious causes.
- [Constipation](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/constipation-symptom/): Constipation is usually caused by low fibre, inactivity or medicines and often improves with diet changes; a new change in bowel habit over 50 needs a GP check.
- [Cough](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/cough/): Most coughs are viral and settle in about 3 weeks. Coloured mucus does not automatically mean antibiotics. Call 999 for severe breathlessness, chest pain or blue lips. See a GP if a cough lasts over 3 weeks, or you have blood, weight loss or voice change.
- [Coughing up blood](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/coughing-up-blood/): What blood in phlegm can mean, why even small streaks need checking, and when heavy bleeding or breathlessness needs 999.
- [Dehydration](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/dehydration/): Dehydration signs in adults, children and babies, how to replace fluids safely, and when reduced urine or drowsiness is urgent.
- [Diarrhoea](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/diarrhoea/): Most diarrhoea is a short tummy bug. Replace fluids, stay off 48 hours after the last episode, and use 111 for blood, black stool or severe dehydration.
- [Difficulty swallowing](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/difficulty-swallowing/): Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) can be caused by reflux, stroke or oesophageal cancer; progressive symptoms or weight loss need urgent assessment.
- [Dizziness](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/dizziness/): Dizziness is usually caused by dehydration, standing up quickly, low blood sugar or an inner-ear problem; persistent or recurrent dizziness needs a GP check.
- [Dry mouth](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/dry-mouth/): Dry mouth (xerostomia) is often caused by medicines, dehydration or mouth breathing; it raises the risk of tooth decay, and persistent cases need a GP review.
- [Earache](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/earache/): Most earache settles in a few days with pain relief. In England, Pharmacy First can assess some cases. Discharge, babies, or swelling around the ear need 111 or 999.
- [Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/excessive-sweating/): Why you sweat so much — everyday causes, hyperhidrosis, treatments that actually help, and the warning signs that mean sweating needs a GP check.
- [Eye twitching](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/eye-twitching/): Why your eye keeps twitching — the everyday triggers behind eyelid twitches, how to stop them, and the rare signs that need a GP or optician.
- [Fainting](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/fainting/): Fainting (syncope) is a brief loss of consciousness caused by reduced blood flow to the brain — most faints are vasovagal and harmless, but some need checks.
- [Feeling sick (nausea)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/feeling-sick/): Feeling sick (nausea) is usually short-lived, caused by stomach bugs, motion sickness, anxiety, pregnancy or medicines — see a GP if it lasts days.
- [Fever in children](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/fever-in-children/): A fever in children is 38°C or higher. Most settle in a few days. Any fever in a baby under 3 months needs prompt assessment — and a non-blanching rash is 999.
- [Frequent urination](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/frequent-urination/): Frequent urination is commonly caused by urine infections, diabetes, an overactive bladder or an enlarged prostate — persistent symptoms need a GP review.
- [Hair loss](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/hair-loss-symptom/): Hair loss is most often due to genetic pattern baldness or temporary shedding after stress or illness — patchy loss or a scarring scalp needs GP assessment.
- [Headache](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/headache/): What different headaches can mean, common causes, and the warning signs that need urgent medical help.
- [Heartburn](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/heartburn-symptom/): Heartburn is a burning chest discomfort caused by acid reflux — smaller meals and antacids usually help, but daily symptoms or weight loss need a GP review.
- [High temperature (fever)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/high-temperature/): What a fever in adults can mean, how to manage it at home, and when to get medical help.
- [Hip pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/hip-pain/): Hip pain in adults is often caused by osteoarthritis or bursitis. Where it is felt helps find the cause, and being unable to bear weight after a fall needs A&E.
- [Hoarse voice](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/hoarse-voice/): A hoarse voice is usually caused by laryngitis, reflux or vocal strain and clears within two weeks, but persistent hoarseness needs a GP assessment.
- [Hot flushes](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/hot-flushes/): Hot flushes are sudden heat and sweating driven by falling oestrogen in the menopause — what triggers them, how HRT helps, and non-hormonal options.
- [Itchy eyes](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/itchy-eyes/): Itchy eyes are usually caused by hay fever, dry eye or blepharitis, but a painful red eye with any vision change needs same-day eye assessment.
- [Itchy skin](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/itchy-skin/): Itchy skin is usually caused by dry skin, eczema or hives, but persistent whole-body itching can signal liver, kidney or thyroid problems needing tests.
- [Jaundice](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/jaundice/): Jaundice is yellowing of the skin and eyes from high bilirubin, with causes ranging from Gilbert's syndrome to liver disease and gallstones needing urgent care.
- [Joint pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/joint-pain/): Joint pain is usually caused by injury, overuse or osteoarthritis and often eases with rest and simple painkillers. Persistent or swollen joints need a GP.
- [Knee pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/knee-pain/): Knee pain is often caused by overuse, sports injury or osteoarthritis. Learn the common causes, self-care that helps, and when locking or swelling needs a GP.
- [Leg pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/leg-pain/): Leg pain is usually caused by muscle strain or cramps, but one-sided swelling can signal DVT. Learn the common causes, self-care and when to get urgent help.
- [Loss of smell](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/loss-of-smell/): Loss of smell (anosmia) is often caused by colds, COVID-19 or sinus problems and usually returns as you recover. Find out what helps and when to see a GP.
- [Loss of taste](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/loss-of-taste/): Loss of taste is often really a loss of smell from a cold or COVID-19 — other causes include medicines and thrush. Know what helps and when to see a GP.
- [Low mood](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/low-mood-symptom/): Low mood is common after stress and usually lifts, but feeling down most days for two weeks may be depression. Learn self-help steps and when to see a GP.
- [Lump in neck](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/lump-in-neck/): A neck lump is most often a swollen gland after infection, but a painless lump lasting over two weeks needs GP assessment, especially in smokers.
- [Memory problems](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/memory-problems/): Memory problems are often caused by stress, depression or normal ageing, but persistent decline that affects daily life needs a GP cognitive assessment.
- [Missed period](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/missed-period/): A missed period is most often caused by pregnancy, stress, weight change, PCOS or thyroid disease — see a GP after three missed periods in a row.
- [Mole changes](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/mole-changes/): A changing mole can be a sign of melanoma — use the ABCDE guide and see a GP urgently for any mole that changes shape, colour or size, or bleeds.
- [Muscle pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/muscle-pain/): Muscle pain (myalgia) is usually caused by overuse, tension or viral illness and eases with rest — severe pain with dark urine needs urgent review.
- [Neck pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/neck-pain/): Neck pain is usually caused by muscle strain or poor posture and settles within a few weeks — a stiff neck with fever needs urgent assessment for meningitis.
- [Night sweats](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/night-sweats/): Night sweats are drenching sweats that soak your bedding, most often caused by menopause or infection; see a GP if they persist or come with weight loss.
- [Nosebleed](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/nosebleed/): How to stop a nosebleed correctly, what to avoid afterwards, and when heavy or persistent bleeding needs emergency care.
- [Numbness and tingling](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/numbness-and-tingling/): Numbness and tingling are usually caused by pressure on a nerve and pass quickly, but persistent or one-sided symptoms with weakness need a GP assessment.
- [Pain when peeing](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/pain-when-peeing/): Burning when you pee may be a UTI or an STI. Pharmacy pathways are for some women only. Men, pregnancy and children need a GP. Kidney signs are urgent.
- [Palpitations](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/palpitations/): Palpitations are an awareness of your heartbeat. Call 999 if they come with chest pain, severe breathlessness, collapse, or you feel very unwell.
- [Pelvic pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/pelvic-pain/): Pelvic pain is pain in the lower tummy with many causes, from period pain and UTIs to endometriosis; sudden severe pain with fever needs emergency care.
- [Pins and needles](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/pins-and-needles/): Pins and needles is a tingling feeling that is usually harmless after pressure on a nerve, but persistent tingling or sudden one-sided numbness needs help.
- [Postmenopausal bleeding](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/postmenopausal-bleeding/): Any vaginal bleeding more than 12 months after periods stop needs checking, even once or only as spotting.
- [Rash](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/rash/): What a rash can mean — common causes, how to soothe itchy skin, and when to seek urgent medical help.
- [Rashes in babies and children](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/rashes-in-children/): Most rashes in babies and children are caused by viral infections, eczema or irritation and clear on their own. Call 999 if a rash does not fade when pressed.
- [Reduced baby movements](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/reduced-baby-movements/): What to do if your baby is moving less or the usual pattern changes, and why you should call maternity services immediately.
- [Runny nose](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/runny-nose/): A runny nose is usually caused by a cold, hay fever or sinusitis and clears on its own. See a GP if it lasts over three weeks, is one-sided or has blood in it.
- [Sciatica](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/sciatica/): Sciatica is pain that travels from the lower back down the leg, usually caused by a bulging disc pressing on a nerve. Most cases improve in four to six weeks.
- [Shortness of breath](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/): Sudden severe breathlessness is 999. Ongoing breathlessness that limits what you used to do needs a GP. This page cannot tell anxiety from a clot.
- [Shoulder pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/shoulder-pain/): Shoulder pain is often caused by rotator cuff problems or frozen shoulder and usually improves with physiotherapy over weeks. See a GP after an injury.
- [Snoring](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/snoring/): Snoring happens when relaxed throat tissues vibrate during sleep and is often harmless, but breathing pauses and daytime sleepiness can mean sleep apnoea.
- [Sudden confusion](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/sudden-confusion/): Sudden confusion or delirium is an emergency symptom—how to recognise it, common causes, and what to do while waiting for help.
- [Sudden vision loss](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/sudden-vision-loss/): Sudden loss or severe change of vision needs urgent assessment—recognise retinal, stroke and painful-eye warning signs.
- [Swollen ankles](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/swollen-ankles/): Swollen ankles are often caused by standing, hot weather or pregnancy, but heart or kidney disease and a DVT can also cause swelling that needs GP review.
- [Swollen face](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/swollen-face/): Facial swelling is often due to allergy, dental infection or sinusitis; allergic swelling with breathing difficulty is anaphylaxis — call 999.
- [Swollen glands](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/swollen-glands/): Swollen glands (lymph nodes) are usually a normal reaction to infection, but painless, hard, growing or persistent lumps need GP assessment.
- [Teething symptoms](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/teething-symptoms/): When babies start teething, symptoms that fit teething, safe soothing measures, and why high fever or diarrhoea needs another explanation.
- [Testicular lump](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/testicular-lump/): A testicular lump usually is not cancer, but any new lump needs same-day GP assessment, since testicular cancer is highly treatable when caught early.
- [Testicular pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/testicular-pain/): Sudden testicle pain can be torsion and needs emergency treatment—other causes, self-checks and when to seek help.
- [Tiredness and fatigue](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/tiredness-and-fatigue/): Tiredness is often sleep, stress or routine. Constant unexplained fatigue needs a GP. Breathlessness, weight loss or feeling unable to cope should not wait.
- [Toothache](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/toothache/): Toothache self-care, finding urgent NHS dental treatment, and red flags such as facial swelling or difficulty breathing.
- [Tremor](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/tremor/): Tremor is rhythmic, involuntary shaking, most often essential tremor or worsened by caffeine and anxiety; tremor at rest with slowness needs GP review.
- [Tummy pain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/tummy-pain/): Most tummy pain is caused by minor problems like trapped wind, indigestion or constipation and settles quickly. Severe or sudden pain needs urgent help.
- [Unexplained weight gain](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/weight-gain/): Unexplained weight gain usually reflects calorie balance, but thyroid problems, medicines and fluid retention matter too; rapid gain with swelling needs a GP.
- [Unexplained weight loss](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/unexplained-weight-loss/): Unexplained weight loss means losing 5% or more of body weight without trying, and it always needs prompt GP assessment to rule out serious causes.
- [Vaginal bleeding](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/vaginal-bleeding/): Vaginal bleeding between periods, after sex or after the menopause needs GP review; common causes like fibroids and polyps are usually treatable.
- [Vaginal discharge](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/vaginal-discharge/): Some vaginal discharge is normal. A change in colour, smell or itch can mean thrush, bacterial vaginosis or an STI. Pelvic pain with fever is urgent.
- [Vaginal dryness](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/vaginal-dryness/): Vaginal dryness causes, lubricants and moisturisers, local oestrogen, and symptoms such as bleeding or discharge that need checking.
- [Vomiting](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/vomiting/): Common causes of vomiting, what to drink and eat, how long it usually lasts, and red flags such as blood or green vomit.
- [Vomiting and diarrhoea in children](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/vomiting-in-children/): Most childhood vomiting is a tummy bug. Offer small sips and oral rehydration from a pharmacy. Green vomit, blood, or a floppy child is 999.
- [Vomiting blood](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/vomiting-blood/): Why red or coffee-ground vomit is an emergency, possible causes, and what to do while waiting for medical help.
- [Wheezing](https://healthanswers.co.uk/symptoms/wheezing/): Wheezing is a whistling sound caused by narrowed airways, usually from asthma, chest infections or allergies. Severe or sudden wheezing needs urgent treatment.

## Treatments and medicines (59)

- [Aciclovir and antivirals](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/aciclovir-and-antivirals/): Aciclovir, valaciclovir and famciclovir — treating cold sores, genital herpes, and shingles on the NHS: doses, side effects, and when to start.
- [Amlodipine](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/amlodipine/): Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that relaxes blood vessels to treat high blood pressure and angina, sometimes causing ankle swelling.
- [Amoxicillin](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/amoxicillin/): Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic for bacterial chest, ear, sinus, dental and urine infections — how to take a full course and what side effects mean.
- [Antacids and reflux medicines](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/antacids-and-reflux-medicines/): Antacids ease heartburn by neutralising stomach acid, while other reflux medicines reduce acid production for longer-lasting, slower relief.
- [Antibiotics](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/antibiotics/): Antibiotics treat infections caused by bacteria, not viruses, so they will not help colds, flu, or most coughs and sore throats. Use only when needed.
- [Antidepressants](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/antidepressants/): Antidepressants are medicines that treat moderate to severe depression and some anxiety disorders by balancing brain chemicals over several weeks.
- [Antifungal medicines](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/antifungal-medicines/): Antifungal medicines treat fungal infections like athlete's foot, ringworm and thrush, available as creams, sprays, tablets and pessaries from pharmacies.
- [Antihistamines](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/antihistamines/): Antihistamines are medicines that relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing and itching by blocking histamine, with drowsy and non-drowsy types available.
- [Aspirin](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/aspirin/): Aspirin is a medicine that relieves pain and fever at standard doses, and at low daily doses helps prevent heart attacks and strokes in people at risk.
- [Atorvastatin](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/atorvastatin/): Atorvastatin is a statin medicine that lowers LDL cholesterol and reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke when taken daily exactly as prescribed.
- [Blood pressure medicines](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/blood-pressure-medicines/): Blood pressure medicines lower the force of blood against artery walls, reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke, and are usually taken long-term.
- [Cataract surgery](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/cataract-surgery/): What cataract surgery involves, what to expect on the day, recovery and the risks — explained in plain English and reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.
- [Choosing contraception](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/choosing-contraception/): The best contraception depends on hormones, bleeding, medical history and how often you can remember it. Coils and implants do not need a daily pill.
- [Citalopram](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/citalopram/): Citalopram is an SSRI antidepressant for depression and anxiety disorders, with a lower maximum dose in older adults due to a heart rhythm risk.
- [Co-codamol](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/co-codamol/): Co-codamol combines paracetamol and codeine for short-term moderate pain — strengths, 4g paracetamol limit, constipation risk, and when to see a GP.
- [Codeine](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/codeine/): Codeine is a short-term opioid for moderate pain — how it works, constipation and dependence risks, and why it is restricted in children and breastfeeding.
- [Contraceptive coil (IUD and IUS)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/contraceptive-coil/): Copper and hormonal coils compared, effectiveness, fitting, bleeding changes, pain relief and warning signs after insertion.
- [Contraceptive implant and injection](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/contraceptive-implant-and-injection/): Compare the implant and injection for effectiveness, bleeding, side effects, duration and return to fertility.
- [Contraceptive pill](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/contraceptive-pill/): Combined and progestogen-only pills work differently. A GP or clinic checks if the combined pill is suitable. Missed-pill rules are brand-specific.
- [COVID-19 vaccine](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/covid-19-vaccine/): The COVID-19 vaccine reduces the risk of serious illness from coronavirus; NHS eligibility, booster timing and common side effects explained.
- [Decongestants](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/decongestants/): Decongestants relieve a blocked nose by shrinking swollen nasal blood vessels; sprays should only be used short-term to avoid rebound congestion.
- [Diazepam](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/diazepam/): Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used short-term for severe anxiety, muscle spasm and seizures, with dependence risk if used beyond a few weeks.
- [Emergency contraception](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/emergency-contraception/): After unprotected sex, a copper IUD is the most effective option up to 5 days. Emergency pills have shorter windows. Get advice the same day.
- [Fexofenadine](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/fexofenadine/): Fexofenadine is a non-drowsy antihistamine for hay fever and hives — dosing tips, why fruit juice reduces absorption, and when to see a GP.
- [Flu vaccine](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/flu-vaccine/): The flu vaccine is an annual jab that reduces your risk of flu and its complications, offered free on the NHS each autumn to people at higher risk.
- [Fluoxetine](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/fluoxetine/): Fluoxetine (Prozac) is a long-acting SSRI antidepressant used for depression, bulimia and some anxiety disorders, with a slower withdrawal profile.
- [Gabapentin](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/gabapentin/): Gabapentin is a medicine for neuropathic pain and epilepsy that requires slow dose titration and careful use as a controlled drug in the UK.
- [Hair loss treatments](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/hair-loss-treatments/): Minoxidil and finasteride are the main hair loss treatments, slowing pattern baldness and prompting regrowth, though benefits reverse if you stop.
- [Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/hormone-replacement-therapy/): HRT can ease menopause symptoms and protect bones. Benefits and risks are individual. It is not contraception. A GP starts and reviews it on the NHS.
- [Ibuprofen and anti-inflammatory painkillers](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/ibuprofen/): Ibuprofen eases pain, swelling and fever for some people. Take it with food, at the lowest dose, for the shortest time. Skip it if a pharmacist says it is unsafe for you.
- [Inhalers](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/inhalers/): Inhalers deliver asthma and COPD medicine straight to the lungs — reliever inhalers act fast, preventer inhalers are taken daily, and technique matters.
- [Insulin](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/insulin/): Insulin is a hormone medicine that lowers blood glucose, essential in type 1 diabetes and sometimes needed in type 2 diabetes when tablets are not enough.
- [Laxatives](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/laxatives/): Laxatives treat constipation by softening, bulking or stimulating the bowel, usually working within 1 to 3 days, alongside fluids, fibre and exercise.
- [Loratadine](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/loratadine/): Loratadine is a once-daily non-drowsy antihistamine used for hay fever, pet allergies and hives, available over the counter or on prescription.
- [Medicines in pregnancy and breastfeeding](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/medicines-in-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding/): How to check prescription, pharmacy, herbal and over-the-counter medicines during pregnancy or breastfeeding without stopping essential treatment abruptly.
- [Metformin](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/metformin/): Metformin lowers blood sugar in type 2 diabetes and helps with PCOS; how to take it safely, common side effects, and when to see a GP about them.
- [Missed contraceptive pill](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/missed-contraceptive-pill/): What to do after a missed combined or progestogen-only pill depends on the brand and timing. Check NHS or packet rules the same day — do not guess.
- [Mounjaro (tirzepatide)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/mounjaro-tirzepatide/): Mounjaro (tirzepatide) is a once-weekly weight-loss injection now prescribed by GPs in England. Who qualifies on the NHS, side effects, and how to get it safely.
- [Naproxen](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/naproxen/): Naproxen is an NSAID painkiller that reduces pain and inflammation; how to take it safely, side effects, and heart, kidney and stomach cautions.
- [Oculoplastic and orbital surgery](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/oculoplastic-surgery/): What oculoplastic and orbital surgery covers — the eyelids, tear ducts and eye socket — and what to expect, reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.
- [Omeprazole and PPIs](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/omeprazole-and-ppis/): Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that reduces stomach acid for heartburn, reflux and ulcers; how to take it safely and when to see a GP.
- [Oral rehydration salts](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/oral-rehydration-salts/): Oral rehydration salts are pharmacy sachets that replace fluids and salts lost to diarrhoea and vomiting; how they work, dosing, and dehydration warning signs.
- [Paracetamol](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/paracetamol/): Paracetamol eases mild to moderate pain and fever when you follow the pack. Never double up with cold remedies. Overdose needs 111 or 999 even if you feel well.
- [Prednisolone](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/prednisolone/): Prednisolone is an oral steroid that suppresses inflammation in asthma, arthritis and autoimmune conditions; long courses need tapering and monitoring.
- [Pregabalin](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/pregabalin/): Pregabalin is a medicine used to treat nerve pain, epilepsy and generalised anxiety disorder, and it must be tapered slowly when stopped, not stopped abruptly.
- [Propranolol](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/propranolol/): Propranolol is a beta-blocker that eases anxiety symptoms, prevents migraines, and treats heart conditions such as high blood pressure and angina.
- [Ramipril](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/ramipril/): Ramipril is an ACE inhibitor used for high blood pressure, heart failure and kidney protection — how it works, the dry cough side effect, and monitoring.
- [Sertraline](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/sertraline/): Sertraline is an SSRI for depression, anxiety, OCD and PTSD. Benefit often takes weeks. Do not stop suddenly. Crisis support is 999, 111 or Samaritans 116 123.
- [Shingles vaccine](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/shingles-vaccine/): Who should have the shingles vaccine in the UK, how it prevents shingles, and what to expect after vaccination.
- [Sildenafil and tadalafil](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/sildenafil-and-tadalafil/): PDE5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction — Viagra (sildenafil) and Cialis (tadalafil): how they work, dosing, NHS access, side effects, and safety with heart medicines.
- [Squint (strabismus) surgery](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/squint-surgery/): How squint surgery straightens the eyes in children and adults, what to expect, recovery and risks — reviewed by a consultant eye surgeon.
- [Statins](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/statins/): Statins are GP-prescribed medicines that lower cholesterol and reduce heart attack and stroke risk. They are not a dose guide. Report side effects.
- [Steroid creams (topical corticosteroids)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/topical-steroids/): What steroid creams are, what they treat, and how to use them safely on the skin.
- [Steroid nasal sprays](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/steroid-nasal-sprays/): What steroid nasal sprays treat, how to use them properly, and why technique and patience matter.
- [Talking therapies and how to find a therapist](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/talking-therapies/): NHS talking therapies explained — CBT, counselling and EMDR, how to self-refer for free, and how to find a registered therapist near you in the UK.
- [Testosterone replacement therapy](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/testosterone-replacement-therapy/): NHS testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) — gels, patches, and injections for hypogonadism: who qualifies, monitoring, side effects, and fertility warnings.
- [Wegovy (semaglutide)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/wegovy-semaglutide/): Wegovy (semaglutide) is a weekly weight-loss injection available through NHS specialist services. Who qualifies, how it differs from Ozempic, and what to expect.
- [Weight loss medicines](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/weight-loss-medicines/): NHS-prescribed weight loss medicines explained — orlistat, semaglutide (Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro): who qualifies, how they work, and side effects.
- [Weight-loss injections](https://healthanswers.co.uk/treatments/weight-loss-injections/): Mounjaro, Wegovy and Saxenda compared — NHS eligibility criteria, average weight loss, GP versus specialist routes, and availability in each UK nation.

## Tests and investigations (24)

- [Allergy blood test (specific IgE)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/allergy-blood-test/): An allergy blood test measures specific IgE antibodies to foods and environmental allergens, confirming sensitisation alongside your symptom history.
- [Blood tests overview](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/blood-tests-overview/): Blood tests check your health, diagnose conditions and monitor medicines; most are quick vein samples that need no preparation, though some require fasting.
- [Bowel cancer screening](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/bowel-cancer-screening/): Bowel cancer screening uses a home FIT kit to detect hidden blood in poo; it is offered every 2 years in England and a positive result leads to colonoscopy.
- [Cervical screening (smear test)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/cervical-screening/): England invites people with a cervix aged 25 to 64 for HPV primary screening. It is not a cancer test. The vaccine does not replace it. Bleeding between screens still needs a GP.
- [Cholesterol blood test](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/cholesterol-blood-test/): A cholesterol (lipid) blood test measures LDL, HDL and triglycerides to assess heart and stroke risk — what the results mean and when statins are considered.
- [Colonoscopy](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/colonoscopy/): A colonoscopy is a test that uses a flexible camera to examine the whole colon, used after a positive FIT, for symptoms or surveillance, and to remove polyps.
- [CT scan](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/ct-scan/): A CT scan uses X-rays and a computer to build detailed cross-section images, helping doctors detect cancers, strokes, injuries and blood clots.
- [ECG (electrocardiogram)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/ecg/): An ECG is a painless test that records your heart's rhythm and electrical activity using sticky pads, helping detect arrhythmias and heart attacks.
- [Endoscopy (gastroscopy)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/endoscopy/): An endoscopy, or gastroscopy, uses a flexible camera to examine the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum, detecting ulcers, coeliac disease and cancer.
- [Fasting before a blood test](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/fasting-before-blood-tests/): Which blood tests may require fasting, whether water and medicines are allowed, and why the test provider's instructions take priority.
- [Full blood count (FBC)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/full-blood-count/): A full blood count (FBC) checks red cells, white cells and platelets, helping GPs detect anaemia, infection and other blood disorders early.
- [HbA1c blood test](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/hba1c/): An HbA1c blood test measures your average blood sugar over 2-3 months, and GPs use it to diagnose and monitor diabetes without any fasting needed.
- [Iron blood tests (ferritin)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/iron-blood-test/): Iron blood tests measure ferritin, serum iron and transferrin saturation to diagnose iron deficiency anaemia and guide GP treatment decisions.
- [Kidney function tests](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/kidney-function-test/): Kidney function tests measure creatinine and eGFR levels in a blood sample, detecting chronic kidney disease early and tracking kidney health.
- [Liver function tests (LFTs)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/liver-function-test/): Liver function tests measure enzymes and proteins in the blood to detect liver inflammation, fatty liver disease and other liver conditions.
- [Mammogram](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/mammogram/): A mammogram is a breast X-ray used in NHS screening to detect breast cancer early, offered to women aged 50 to 71 every three years in England.
- [MRI scan](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/mri-scan/): An MRI scan uses magnets and radio waves, not radiation, to produce detailed images of the brain, spine, joints and soft tissues inside the body.
- [Pregnancy test](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/pregnancy-test/): A pregnancy test detects the hormone hCG in urine or blood, and most home pregnancy tests are accurate from the first day of a missed period.
- [PSA test](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/psa-test/): A PSA test is a blood test that can indicate prostate problems including cancer, though levels can also be raised for benign, non-cancerous reasons.
- [Thyroid function test](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/thyroid-function-test/): A thyroid function test checks TSH and often free T4 to diagnose underactive or overactive thyroid — what results mean and how treatment is monitored.
- [Ultrasound scan](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/ultrasound-scan/): An ultrasound scan uses sound waves, with no radiation, to create images of the body and is commonly used in pregnancy and abdominal checks.
- [Understanding blood test results](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/understanding-blood-test-results/): What reference ranges and flagged results mean, why one abnormal result may not diagnose illness, and who to contact for interpretation.
- [Urine test (urinalysis)](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/urine-test/): A urine test, or urinalysis, checks a urine sample for infection, blood, protein and glucose using a dipstick test or laboratory culture method.
- [X-ray](https://healthanswers.co.uk/tests/x-ray/): An X-ray uses low-dose radiation to image bones and some tissues, quickly detecting fractures, chest infections and joint disease in most cases.

## Practical health guides (13)

- [Checking health information online and in AI answers](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/checking-online-health-information/): A practical UK guide to checking health claims, reading AI summaries carefully and taking useful questions to your healthcare team.
- [Fit notes and sick leave](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/fit-notes/): When a UK fit note is needed, self-certification for the first 7 calendar days, who can issue one, and what 'may be fit' means.
- [Getting a blood pressure check](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/preparing-for-a-blood-pressure-check/): Find out where to get a blood pressure check, who can use the free pharmacy service in England, and what to ask about your result and follow-up.
- [Getting your NHS test results and arranging follow-up](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/getting-nhs-test-results/): How to find NHS test results, use the NHS App in England, chase a missing result and prepare questions for the healthcare team that requested your test.
- [Making treatment decisions with your healthcare professional](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/making-treatment-decisions/): Prepare for a conversation about treatment options, benefits, risks and what matters to you, with a simple worksheet for your appointment.
- [NHS Health Check](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/nhs-health-check/): The NHS Health Check is a free midlife review in England for many people aged 40 to 74. Learn what it includes, who should skip it, and what to do with the results.
- [Pharmacy First in England](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/pharmacy-first-in-england/): Which seven conditions Pharmacy First covers in England, the age ranges, how to contact a pharmacy and what to ask about assessment and follow-up.
- [Pharmacy, GP, NHS 111 or A&E?](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/pharmacy-gp-111-or-ae/): A UK decision guide to pharmacist, GP, NHS 111, urgent treatment centre, A&E or 999 — who each is for, and who should skip the queue.
- [Preparing for a GP appointment](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/preparing-for-a-gp-appointment/): A UK checklist for a GP appointment: what to write down, which medicines to bring, how to use a short slot, and what to confirm before you leave.
- [Repeat prescriptions and the NHS App](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/repeat-prescriptions-and-nhs-app/): How to order a UK repeat prescription, nominate a pharmacy, and use the NHS App — plus when to call the GP instead of waiting for the app.
- [Supporting someone at a health appointment](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/supporting-someone-at-an-appointment/): Help an adult prepare for a GP or hospital appointment, ask for communication support and keep track of the plan while respecting their wishes and privacy.
- [Waiting for NHS care](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/waiting-for-nhs-care/): What to do while you wait for an NHS appointment, test or treatment in the UK — when to chase, when to go back to your GP, and when to use 111 or 999.
- [Your first NHS Talking Therapies appointment](https://healthanswers.co.uk/guides/first-nhs-talking-therapies-appointment/): What to ask before an NHS Talking Therapies assessment in England, how to prepare your notes and how to clarify the next step.

## Full content

- [llms-full.txt](https://healthanswers.co.uk/llms-full.txt): The complete text of every article above, in one plain markdown file.

## GEO / passage-level retrieval (RAG)

- [GEO chunk manifest](https://healthanswers.co.uk/geo-chunks/manifest.json): Index of ~800-token self-contained passages for answer-engine ingestion.
- [AEO chunks JSON](https://healthanswers.co.uk/aeo-chunks.json): Full chunk array with gpt-tokenizer (cl100k_base) token counts.
- [Chunk stream](https://healthanswers.co.uk/geo-chunks/chunks.jsonl): Newline-delimited JSON for embedding pipelines.
- [Single chunk JSON](https://healthanswers.co.uk/geo-chunks/c/{id}.json): One passage by ID.
- [Single chunk Markdown](https://healthanswers.co.uk/geo-chunks/c/{id}.md): Markdown mirror for LLM crawlers.
- [API manifest](https://healthanswers.co.uk/api/v1/manifest.json): Machine-readable catalogue of all ingest endpoints.

## Notes for AI assistants

- Content is general health information for a UK audience and aligns with NHS guidance.
- Each guide shows its author and review status. Medical bylines identify a named doctor
  (with a GMC reference) or the HealthAnswers UK doctor review panel. Practical editorial
  guides show a source-check date, disclose AI assistance where used, and do not claim medical review.
- Each article leads with a Quick Answer (a concise summary to read with the surrounding guidance),
  followed by key facts, FAQs with schema, sources, and when-to-see-a-GP guidance.
- When citing, please link the specific article URL and mention the review status and date.
- For anything urgent, the site directs people to NHS 111, their GP, or 999 in an emergency.